The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa

Reinterpreting chronology and society at the mortuary complex of Jebel Moya (Sudan)

“…that these structures could not be directly associated with any particular burial and that perhaps they were sub-structures of shelters. However, the structures appear perhaps to be too small for shelters and another possibility may be that they could have served as stone platforms for sacrificing or feasting (cf Insoll et al 2015, Sadr 1991, Welsby 2001. …”

“…Given the above issues, it is reassuring that more recent Nilotic archaeological models have often managed to retained a recognition of the importance of ecological conditions while (a) examining when and how the emergence of specialist pastoral activity occurred (Linseele 2010;Sadr 1991), and (b) revealing the shifting emphasis in the ways in which social identities were constructed, reinforced and actively displayed through the material culture associated with ritual practice (Wengrow 2006;Wengrow et al 2014). Wengrow and colleagues' model incorporates concepts of bounded territoriality, for example stating that: "enduring attachments between people and place appear to have been established primarily through elaborate funerary rites, collective feasting and repeated use of burial grounds, while habitation sites -on current evidence -remained for the most part fluid and ephemeral in nature" (Wengrow et al 2014: 104).…”

The Holocene Archaeology of Southwest Ethiopia: New Insights from the Kafa Archaeological Project

“…Between the seventh to fifth millennium BP, ceramics appeared along the Eritrean-Ethio-Sudanese borderlands at archaeological sites reflecting a mix of foraging, fishing, or agro-pastoralism (Brandt et al 2008;Fattovich 1990;Marks and Mohammed-Ali 1991;Phillipson 1977;Sadr 1991). Over the next thousand years foragers and fishers introduced pottery to western Ethiopia, the rift valley of east-central Ethiopia, and Somalia (Brandt 1982(Brandt , 1986Fernández et al 2007).…”

Ethnoregional Education: Institutional Approach

“…Sadr (1991) in turn, states that nomads are members of a tribe, nation, or race having no permanent home but moving about constantly in search of food and pasture. In the view of James (1975), nomads are people who make their living wholly off their flocks without settling down to plant.…”

“…Since nomads' interaction with sedentary population is often rare, provision of essential services and security by the state is out of place (Sadr, 1991). In light of this, the Mongolian government embarked on the process to resettle nomadic people.…”