The development of milky disease under laboratory and field temperature regimes

Milner, Richard; Wood, Jeff T.; Williams, Emlyn

doi:10.1016/0022-2011(80)90025-7

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…A low onset of disease due to inhibition of the bacterium and/or use of ineffective bioinsecticides, combined with the slow progress at which the disease spreads, would hinder establishment of group 1 P. popilliae over large areas of Connecticut soil. Factors such as low soil temperature (Milner et al, 1980) and susceptibility to synthetic pesticides that are applied to turf (Dingman, 1994a) are inhibitory to milky disease bacteria. Additionally, multi-year field trials of commercial bioinsecticides against populations of Japanese beetle larvae in Kentucky showed the products to be ineffective in inducing higher levels of milky disease or in reducing larvae populations (Redmond and Potter, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical distribution of milky disease bacteria in the eastern United States based on phylogeny

Dingman

2008

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical distribution of milky disease bacteria in the eastern United States based on phylogeny

Dingman

2008

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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“…The mortality data (high mortality with often no causative infection detected) indicate larvae died before the bacteria could complete sporulation. This may have been due to high concentration and high ambient laboratory temperature (26-27°C) (Milner et al, 1980;Klein, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of the Taro Beetle,Papuana uninodis(Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) to Two NewBacillus popilliaeIsolates fromPapuanaspp.

Theunis¹,

Aloali'i²

1999

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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“…B. popilliae and related species are uneconomical against the European cockchafer due to low soil temperatures (Hurpin & Robert, 1972), but temperature is not a limiting factor for var. rhopaea in Australia (Milner, Wood & Williams, 1980). Various species show differing degrees of promise against scarabaeids in Australia, New Zealand and Canada for a variety of reasons (Milner, 1981;Klein, 1981).…”

Section: (D) Host Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

Control of insects by bacteria

Burges¹

1982

Parasitology

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SUMMARYAll bacteria in microbial insecticides are species ofBacillusand form spores since they have to survive in the environment and on the shelf. They can be formulated as wettable powders, suspensions and dusts for application with conventional pest control machinery. All are safe to man and virtually all non-target organisms. Development costs are relatively low, but host specificity greatly restricts markets, the largest beingca. 2000 tons per annum in the West forB. thuringiensis. All act only after ingestion, a disadvantage because there is no contact action and usually only larvae are attacked. Three main groups have special features that determine their commercial success.TheB. popilliaegroup is produced onlyin vivowhich limits production by three small firms. The Japanese beetle has been controlled in grassland in the warm parts of the USA by single applications of spores in heaps, spaced 2 m each way. The bacterium spreads slowly to untreated areas, is very persistent and kills only by infection.TheB. thuringiensisgroup kills larvae of Lepidoptera, mosquitoes and blackflies, mainly by gut poisoning with a protein crystal toxin. It rapidly paralyses mouthparts and gut, stopping crop damage. It is readily produced by deep liquid fermentation, but does not persist and needs repeated application during the pest season. Products containing no beta exotoxin can be applied at unlimited dosage to food crops up to harvest. Only one application is needed for stored grain. After 20 years' use of strains against Lepidoptera, a different strain is now used commercially against mosquitoes and blackflies (only 5 years after its discovery), although improvements in formulation for aquatic application are needed. A recent new product based on the beta exotoxin is used in Finland only against flies in pig houses because it has some vertebrate toxicity.TheB. sphaericusgroup is similar toB. thuringiensis, except that its proteinaceous toxin is different, is situated in the spore wall in strain 1593, and attacks only mosquitoes. Now at the pilot production stage, its commercial future depends on whether it is more potent thanB. thuringiensisagainst certain species and whether it can recycle to give effective extended mosquito control in some environments.Intensive selection from natural isolates has improved potency 100 to 600 fold. This selective effort must be maintained and improved by genetic manipulation, which can be used to develop greater potential, particularly since DNA coding for the crystal toxin is carried on plasmids. This also gives speculative hope that the toxin may be incorporated into natural aquatic bacteria for mosquito control and into plants for protection against lepidopterous larvae. A great advantage is that these bacteria do not harm beneficial fauna to cause pest resurgence. At present, the main use lies in integrated pest control systems, although bacteria are not likely to supplant chemical insecticides on a large scale in the near future.

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The development of milky disease under laboratory and field temperature regimes

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Geographical distribution of milky disease bacteria in the eastern United States based on phylogeny

Geographical distribution of milky disease bacteria in the eastern United States based on phylogeny

Susceptibility of the Taro Beetle,Papuana uninodis(Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) to Two NewBacillus popilliaeIsolates fromPapuanaspp.

Control of insects by bacteria

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