“…Accordingly, chatbots popularized by social media and MIM applications have been widely accepted (Rahman et al, 2018 ; Smutny & Schreiberova, 2020 ) and referred to as mobile-based chatbots. These bots have been found to facilitates collaborative learning (Schmulian & Coetzee, 2019 ), multimodal communication (Haristiani et al, 2019 ), scaffolding, real-time feedback (Gonda et al, 2019 ), personalized learning (Oke & Fernandes, 2020 ; Verleger & Pembridge, 2019 ), scalability, interactivity (Dekker et al, 2020 ) and fosters knowledge creation and dissipation effectively (Verleger & Pembridge, 2019 ). Nevertheless, given the possibilities of MIM in conceptualizing an ideal learning environment, we often overlook if instructors are capable of engaging in high-demand learning activities, especially around the clock (Kumar & Silva, 2020 ).…”