An acute inhalation chamber study of 42 college students was performed to investigate the relation between exposure to 0, 75, and 150 ppm of toluene and changes in central nervous system function and symptoms. Paid subjects were exposed for seven hours over three days. Verbal and visual short term memory (Steinberg, digit span, Benton, pattern memory); perception (pattern recognition); psychomotor skill (simple reaction time, continuous performance, digit symbol, handeye coordination, finger tapping, and critical tracking); manual dexterity (one hole); mood (profile of mood scales (POMS)); fatigue (fatigue checklist); and verbal ability were evaluated at 0800, 1200, and 1600 hours. Voluntary symptoms and observations of sleep were collected daily. An analysis of variance and test for trend was performed on the difference and score for each concentration reflecting an eight hour workday where each subject was their own control. A 3 x 3 Latin square study design evaluated toluene effects simultaneously, controlling for learning across the three days and the solvent order. Intersubject variation in solvent uptake was monitored in breath and urine. A 5-10% decrement in performance was considered significant ifit was consistent with a linear trend at p < 0 05. Adverse performance at 150 ppm toluene was found at 6-0% for digit span, 12-1% for pattern recognition (latency), 5-0% for pattern memory (number correct), 6-5% for one hole, and 3 0% for critical tracking. The number of headaches and eye irritation also increased in a dose response manner. The greatest effect was found for an increasing number of observations of sleep. Overall, no clear pattern of neurobehavioural effects was found consistent with the type 1 central nervous system as classified by the World Health Organisation. Subtle acute effects, however, were found just below and above the ACGIH TLV of 100 ppm toluene, supporting the position that the guideline be lowered since the biological threshold ofbehavioural effects may be comparable with the TLV.The acute behavioural effects of inhaling toluene after a single exposure are reversible,' but although reversible, they may also be an early sign of central nervous system (CNS) impairment leading to irreversible losses in performance with repeated exposures.23 Acute decrements may be large enough to decrease the safety margin of industrial tasks or to lower productivity. Evidence from solvent studies suggests that symptoms might occur before other measurable acute CNS effects are apparent."The effects of toluene were first studied under controlled eight hour exposures in 1942.4 Mild CNS symptoms and irritation were reported at 200 ppm, fatigue and muscular weakness were noted at 300 ppm, and headache, dizziness, and staggering were incapacitating at 600 ppm. Mild physiological effects have also been reported at 200 ppm.78Later studies emphasised detecting changes in The evidence suggests that inhaling toluene at 100 ppm over seven hours can cause slight impairments in vigilance, manual dexterity...