The development and initial validation of a virtual dripping sweat rate and a clothing wetness ratio for use in predictive heat strain models

Analysis of sweating efficiency and its effects on the heat strain alleviation of clothed subjects

“…These conclusions are confirmed by the experiments of the 2‐hour‐cycle ergometer exercises conducted in a hot environment by the present authors (Kubota et al, 2014b), as shown in Figure 6b; the weight of T‐shirts and trousers begin to increase at w sw ≈ 0.55 and w sw = 0.7–0.8, respectively.…”

“…The SE for a subject in standing posture with the SR by Kuno (1934); the CE by Oliveira et al for standing in still air (filled triangle); whole body in a 1 m/s air velocity (□); exposed only upper half body in 1 m/s (○).corresponds to the trunk area, and w dr ≈ 0.5 corresponds to the trunk, head, and thighs/pelvis regions (Kubota et al, 2014b)…”

“…The sweating efficiency (SE), or the evaporative efficiency of sweating, is of prime importance for estimating human response to a hot environment. It is essential for assessing heat strain to estimate the amount of heat loss accurately through the evaporation of sweat (Kubota et al, 2014a, 2014b); however, it requires time‐consuming work to elucidate the SE by experiments. Until now, a limited number of experiments with human subjects have been conducted to identify the SE.…”

“…Based on these results, we improve the SE by arranging the distribution of the CE by controlling air velocities over the body surface. Then, we predict the mean skin temperature (MST) as a typical heat strain indicator of a clothed subject using a previously developed human model (Kubota et al, 2014b) and applying the improved SE. The results are compared with those obtained from 1 − 0.5 w s w 2 , which can provide insight into ways of reducing heat‐associated risks (Kubota et al, 2014b) and designing and operating a sweating mannequin.…”

Trapped sweat in basketball uniforms and the effect on sweat loss estimates

“…2). These results regarding trapped sweat in uniforms could be helpful in determining sweat efficiency to inform sweat prediction and heat strain models (Kubota et al 2014) in basketball and comparable team sports.…”