The Development and Evaluation of a Prediction Model for Kidney Transplant-Based Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia Patients Based on Hematological Indicators

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to develop a simple predictive model for early identification of the risk of adverse outcomes in kidney transplant-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) patients. Methods: This study encompassed 103 patients diagnosed with PCP, who received treatment at our hospital between 2018 and 2023. Among these participants, 20 were categorized as suffering from severe PCP, and, regrettably, 13 among them succumbed. Through the application of machine learning techniques and multivariate logistic regression analysis, two pivotal variables were discerned and subsequently integrated into a nomogram. The efficacy of the model was assessed via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves. Additionally, decision curve analysis (DCA) and a clinical impact curve (CIC) were employed to evaluate the clinical utility of the model. The Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival curves were utilized to ascertain the model’s aptitude for risk stratification. Results: Hematological markers, namely Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP)-to-albumin ratio (CAR), were identified through machine learning and multivariate logistic regression. These variables were subsequently utilized to formulate a predictive model, presented in the form of a nomogram. The ROC curve exhibited commendable predictive accuracy in both internal validation (AUC = 0.861) and external validation (AUC = 0.896). Within a specific threshold probability range, both DCA and CIC demonstrated notable performance. Moreover, the KM survival curve further substantiated the nomogram’s efficacy in risk stratification. Conclusions: Based on hematological parameters, especially CAR and PCT, a simple nomogram was established to stratify prognostic risk in patients with renal transplant-related PCP.