The development and application of protein-liposome conjugation techniques

Heath, Timothy D.; Martin, Francis J.

doi:10.1016/0009-3084(86)90078-2

Cited by 40 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…As a linker, a PEGconjugated lipid was used carrying at its distal end a maleimide group. The reaction between maleimide and thiol groups is a rapid and efficient reaction that is widely used in bioconjugate chemistry (34,35). However, direct conjugation of maleimide to lipids without the use of a spacer may considerably interfere with subsequent doxorubicin loading of liposomes (11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain drug delivery of small molecules using immunoliposomes

Huwyler

Pardridge

1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

599

384

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain drug delivery of small molecules using immunoliposomes

Huwyler

Pardridge

1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

599

384

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“…4a). The former are used to extract diffraction amplitudes, whereas the latter provide the phase information (Henderson and Unwin,1975; Unwin and Henderson,1975). Furthermore, molecular replacement strategies have been used for high‐resolution electron diffraction data of 2D crystals (Gonen et al,2005; Rossmann and Henderson,1982).…”

Section: Imaging and Image Processing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualization of bionanostructures using transmission electron microscopical techniques

Sander

Golas

2010

Microscopy Res & Technique

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In the recent years, nanotechnology has rapidly evolved as promising toolbox for many applications, including sensing and drug delivery. Nanotechnology aims at forming man-designed two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures in the nanometer scale using e.g., the self-assembly properties of smaller building blocks such as DNA and RNA. The visualization and structural characterization of these nanostructures do not only provide evidence for the correct formation of the desired shapes, but can also contribute to a better understanding of their formation and functionality. Transmission electron microscopy offers the possibility to directly visualize the individual nanostructures. The vitrification of the sample by using the plunge-freezing method and subsequent electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) provides in-solution snapshots of the nanostructures under cryogenic conditions and thus preserves the close-to-native structure of the particles. Here, we describe the plunge-freezing and other sample preparation protocols such as negative staining and cryo-negative staining as well as the various imaging and image processing methods, including electron crystallography, electron tomography, and single-particle EM. Typical example applications are provided together with a discussion of benefits and shortcomings of these approaches. We also discuss how deviations from an ideal symmetry and structural heterogeneity, in general, can limit the resolution. Finally, we suggest that nanotechnological approaches may not only offer new applications in the field of nanomaterial science and nanomedicine, but may also emerge as tools for structural biology and structure-related biomedical research.

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“…Coupling lipids such as N -pyridyldithiopropiony l-phosphatidylethanolamine (PD P-PE) or maleimidophenylbutyrate-PE) (MPB-PE), respectively, are incorporated into the liposomes during formation. A thiolether bond is then formed with maleimide-derivitized or thio-derivatized mAb, respectively (Heath and Martin 1986;Allen and Moase 1996). In another method, antibodies have been coupled to a lipid anchor in detergent solution and incorporated into liposomes by dialysis (Holmberg et al 1989;Klibanov and Huang 1992).…”

Section: Coupling Ligands To Stealth Liposomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For attaching ligands at the surface ofSL (Fig. IA,B), much of the coupling chemistry has been adapted from procedures for conjugating mAb or Ab fragments to the liposomes surface (Heath and Martin 1986;Weiner 1990;Torchilin and Klibanov 1993). Coupling lipids such as N -pyridyldithiopropiony l-phosphatidylethanolamine (PD P-PE) or maleimidophenylbutyrate-PE) (MPB-PE), respectively, are incorporated into the liposomes during formation.…”

Section: Coupling Ligands To Stealth Liposomesmentioning

confidence: 99%