The Development and Aging of the Magnocellular and Parvocellular Visual Pathways as Indicated by VEP Recordings between 5 and 84 Years of Age

Benedek, György; Horváth, Gyöngyi; Kéri, Szabolcs; Braunitzer, Gábor; Janáky, Márta

doi:10.3390/vision1010007

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…In addition to visual pathway defects that can influence the waveform, physiological factors including age,14, 15 gender, 16 degree of attention and cooperation,17, 18 and stimulus parameters1, 3, 14 such as size and contrast may affect the waveform of VEPs. Longer latency of P100 occurs in the elderly and in males than females 14, 16.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative values of visual evoked potentials in Northeastern of Iran

Mahjoob

Shandiz

Mirzajani

et al. 2019

Journal of Optometry

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Purpose Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) provide important diagnostic information related to the functional integrity of the visual pathways. The aim of this study was to establish normative values of different components of pattern reversal VEPs on Iranian normal adult subjects. Methods Monocular and binocular pattern reversal VEPs were recorded on 59 healthy participants (22.55 ± 3.79 years old) using the Roland RETI system for two check sizes of 15 and 60 min of arc. The measured VEP components were the latencies of N75, P100, N135 and amplitude of N75–P100. Results Repeated measures ANOVA showed that viewing eye condition has a significant impact on the amplitude of N75–P100 ( P < 0.001, F = 13.89). Also, the effect of check size on the latencies of N75, P100, N135, amplitude of N75–P100 ( P ≤ 0.010), as well as the intraocular difference of P100 latency and amplitude N75–P100 ( P = 0.007) was significant. More specifically, the amplitude of N75–P100 in both check sizes significantly differed between gender groups ( P < 0.023). Conclusion According to the results of this study, VEPs components are affected by the stimulus size, monocular and binocular recording conditions and gender. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the normative values of VEPs in each population, so that the results could be used in clinical studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative values of visual evoked potentials in Northeastern of Iran

Mahjoob

Shandiz

Mirzajani

et al. 2019

Journal of Optometry

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“…Studies in other primates also reported age-related decrease of neuron density in both the magnocellular and parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) [48]. Benedek et al (2016) [49] showed that neurons in the two visual pathways started to show signs of aging beyond 50 years of age, in particular in the MC pathway. Consistent with these studies, the present study adds to the literature from a human psychophysics functional perspective on how contrast sensitivity in visual pathways changes in a continuous age range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging effects on contrast sensitivity in visual pathways: A pilot study on flicker adaptation

et al. 2021

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Contrast sensitivity is reduced in older adults and is often measured at an overall perceptual level. Recent human psychophysical studies have provided paradigms to measure contrast sensitivity independently in the magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) visual pathways and have reported desensitization in the MC pathway after flicker adaptation. The current study investigates the influence of aging on contrast sensitivity and on the desensitization effect in the two visual pathways. The steady- and pulsed-pedestal paradigms were used to measure contrast sensitivity under two adaptation conditions in 45 observers. In the non-flicker adaptation condition, observers adapted to a pedestal array of four 1°×1° squares presented with a steady luminance; in the flicker adaptation condition, observers adapted to a square-wave modulated luminance flicker of 7.5 Hz and 50% contrast. Results showed significant age-related contrast sensitivity reductions in the MC and PC pathways, with a significantly larger decrease of contrast sensitivity for individuals older than 50 years of age in the MC pathway but not in the PC pathway. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sensitivity reduction observed at the overall perceptual level likely comes from both the MC and PC visual pathways, with a more dramatic reduction resulting from the MC pathway for adults >50 years of age. In addition, a similar desensitization effect from flicker adaptation was observed in the MC pathway for all ages, which suggests that aging may not affect the process of visual adaptation to rapid luminance flicker.

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“…The visual stimuli presented on each trial were either one of four female faces (of African, Asian, South Asian, and Caucasian ethnicity; Tye et al., 2013 ), one of the 50 cartoon images of animals (designed by Freepik from Flaticon), or a checkerboard (Benedek et al., 2016 ). Examples of the stimuli are presented in Figure 1b .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Larger arrays can thus increase dropout rates for children with limited patience for cap placement, and also can be challenging to incorporate in large‐scale studies where time is essential. Given our focus on selected ERP signals measured at known locations, we were able to utilize a low‐density array focused on the key locations of interest: Oz on the occipital area to measure the P1 component (Benedek et al., 2016 ; Rossion & Caharel, 2011 ), and P7 and P8 over parietal areas to measure the N290 and P400 components (Conte et al., 2020 ; De Haan et al., 2002 ; Di Lorenzo et al., 2020 ; Halit et al., 2003 ; Jones et al., 2017 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Event‐related EEG designs can be used to study both early‐stage components associated with domain‐general visual cortical processing, and later‐stage components associated with the development of domain‐specific experience‐dependent expertise. Early stage cortical visual processing is often indexed by the P1, a positive deflection around 100 ms after stimulus onset at occipital electrodes that is associated with low‐level sensory processing of visual stimuli (Rossion & Caharel, 2011 ) and can be most strongly elicited by high‐contrast and mid‐spatial frequency stimuli such as checkerboards (Benedek et al., 2016 ). Later‐stage components are more sensitive to more complex higher level processing, such as detecting and discriminating faces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability of an automated gaze‐controlled paradigm for capturing neural responses during visual and face processing in toddlerhood

Haartsen

Mason

Braithwaite

et al. 2021

Developmental Psychobiology

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Electroencephalography (EEG) has substantial potential value for examining individual differences during early development. Current challenges in developmental EEG research include high dropout rates and low trial numbers, which may in part be due to passive stimulus presentation. Comparability is challenged by idiosyncratic processing pipelines. We present a novel toolbox ("Braintools") that uses gaze-contingent stimulus presentation and an automated processing pipeline suitable for measuring visual processing through low-density EEG recordings in the field. We tested the feasibility of this toolbox in 61 2.5-to 4-year olds, and computed test-retest reliability (1to 2-week interval) of event-related potentials (ERP) associated with visual (P1) and face processing (N290, P400). Feasibility was good, with 52 toddlers providing some EEG data at the first session. Reliability values for ERP features were moderate when derived from 20 trials; this would allow inclusion of 79% of the 61 toddlers for the P1 and 82% for the N290 and P400. P1 amplitude/latency were more reliable across sessions than for the N290 and P400. Amplitudes were generally more reliable than latencies. Automated and standardized solutions to collection and analysis of event-related EEG data would allow efficient application in large-scale global health studies, opening significant potential for examining individual differences in development. K E Y W O R D S child, electroencephalography, evoked potentials, eye-tracking technology, human development, methods, preschool 1 INTRODUCTION The human brain develops rapidly during the first 5 years of postnatal life. During this relatively short window of development, a range of cognitive and motor abilities develop and mature from infancy through toddlerhood to preschool (Johnson & De Haan, 2015). Similarly, brain structure and functioning undergo substantial changes (Grayson & Fair, This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The Development and Aging of the Magnocellular and Parvocellular Visual Pathways as Indicated by VEP Recordings between 5 and 84 Years of Age

Cited by 12 publications

References 54 publications

Normative values of visual evoked potentials in Northeastern of Iran

Normative values of visual evoked potentials in Northeastern of Iran

Aging effects on contrast sensitivity in visual pathways: A pilot study on flicker adaptation

Reliability of an automated gaze‐controlled paradigm for capturing neural responses during visual and face processing in toddlerhood

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