“…Facing one of the most serious climate change problems around the globe, China has to address a series of scientific, technical, and management issues to achieve the goals of carbon peak/neutrality. As China pays more and more (Tian et al, 2017;Tian et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2019;Li et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2021b), in background areas such as Waliguan in Qinghai Province and Longfengshan in Heilongjiang Province (Fang et al, 2014;Fang et al, 2015a;Fang et al, 2016), and in offshore areas such as the South China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Bay (Gerbig et al, 2003;Liu et al, 2021a;Liu et al, 2021b).…”