The Determination of Photomultiplier Temperature Coefficients for Gain and Spectral Sensitivity Using the Photon Counting Technique

Singh, Anand; Wright, A. G.

doi:10.1109/tns.1987.4337379

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The gain of BA0375 is shown in figure 5 as a function of the voltage and the temperature. In agreement with other studies [17,18], the average SPE charge decreases with the temperature. The mean temperature coefficient of BA0373 and BA0375 are (−0.368 ± 0.004) % • C −1 and (−0.398 ± 0.005) % • C −1 , respectively.…”

Section: Jinst 14 P03015supporting

confidence: 93%

“…For measurements of temperature dependencies, the dark box was placed inside a climatic chamber4. Otherwise, the measurements were performed at room temperature (∼ 20 • C) without any external 1The temperature dependence of the quantum efficiency was not included, as it is expected to be small in the temperature range relevant for deep-ice detectors [10]. control on the temperature.…”

Section: B Experimental Setup and Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1The temperature dependence of the quantum efficiency was not included, as it is expected to be small in the temperature range relevant for deep-ice detectors [10]. In this case, the PMT was illuminated with a pulsed LED5 that was triggered by a pulse generator,6 which also triggered the oscilloscope.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of the Hamamatsu R12199-01 HA MOD photomultiplier tube for low temperature applications

Elorrieta

Classen²,

Reubelt³

et al. 2019

J. Inst.

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A: We present a detailed characterisation of the new Hamamatsu R12199-01 HA MOD 3-inch photomultiplier tube (PMT) which is under consideration for the use in segmented optical modules of deep-ice neutrino detectors at the South Pole. Because of the significantly lower operation-temperature range compared to standard applications, a focus of our studies lies on the investigation of the temperature dependence of background characteristics (dark count rate, probability of correlated pulses), timing properties, gain and peak-to-valley ratio of this PMT type. In addition, the performance of the "HA coating" intended for background reduction was tested, as well as the influence of conductive objects near the photocathode like reflectors on the PMT noise rate. A low background rate is of particular importance as the deep ice at the South Pole features negligible optical background. We find that the new PMT type is well suited for the intended applications. K: Cherenkov detectors, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (vacuum)

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Section: Jinst 14 P03015supporting

confidence: 93%

Section: B Experimental Setup and Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Characterisation of the Hamamatsu R12199-01 HA MOD photomultiplier tube for low temperature applications

Elorrieta

Classen²,

Reubelt³

et al. 2019

J. Inst.

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show abstract

“…This behaviour [11,21,22] is related to the photoemission process [10] that takes place whenever a photon hits the photocathode of a PMT, usually a semiconductor (bialkali in the two tested models). When this happens, an electron is excited to the conduction band.…”

Section: Jinst 3 P01006mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of large area photomultipliers and its application to dark matter search with noble liquid detectors

Bueno¹,

Lozano²,

Melgarejo³

et al. 2008

J. Inst.

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There is growing interest in the use of noble liquid detectors to study particle properties and search for new phenomena. In particular, they are extremely suitable for performing direct searches for dark matter. In this kind of experiments, the light produced after an interaction within the sensitive volume is usually read-out by photomultipliers. The need to go to masses in the tonne scale to explore deeper regions of the parameter space, calls for the use of large area photomultipliers. In this paper we address the need to perform laboratory calibration measurements of these large photomultipliers, in particular to characterize its behaviour at cryogenic temperatures where no reference from the manufacturer is available. We present comparative tests of phototubes from two companies. The tests are performed in conditions similar to those of operation in a real experiment. Measurements of the most relevant phototube parameters (quantum efficiency, gain, linearity, etc.) both at room and liquid Argon temperatures are reported. The results show that the studied phototubes comply with the stringent requirements posed by current dark matter searches performed with noble-liquid detectors.

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“…Below 325 nm the filter appears to produce a wavelength-dependent contribution that could result from temperature-dependent changes in the width and position of its near-UV absorption band. Another probable source of temperature effects is the photomultiplier tube [Singh and Wright, 1987]. The electronic characteristics of the photomultiplier tubes may vary from instrument to instrument and may respond differently in a cool versus warm environment.…”

Section: Wavelength Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature dependence of the Brewer ultraviolet data

Weatherhead¹,

Theisen²,

Stevermer³

et al. 2001

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. We characterize the temperature dependence of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/University of Georgia network of Brewer spectrophotometers as used to measure solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The instruments used in this study are operated in partnership with the National Park Service at 14 national park sites and in 7 urban areas. The daily and seasonal measurements of UV radiation provided by the instruments can be affected by changes in the internal instrument temperatures at the sites. These effects can lead to errors on the order of _+ 10% in the resulting spectral data and of the same order of magnitude for CIE-weighted UV. Fortunately, the temperature dependence for each instrument can be quantified and the data corrected, improving the accuracy to values closer to the levels attainable with high-quality calibration and operation. The temperature dependence of the Brewers is found to vary significantly among the different instruments. A 0.8% per degree Celsius dependence can result in temperature effects as large as 12% at sites where temperatures can vary by 15øC in 1 day. These effects can result in a _+5% error in the spectral irradiance. The errors to the spectral irradiance vary seasonally in a manner that is not random: in the warmer summertime the temperature dependence of the instruments can cause the irradiances to be underestimated, while during the colder winters the effect will be to overestimate UV amounts. In the part of the spectrum above 325 nm, the temperature dependence is generally independent of wavelength. Below 325 nm the temperature effects vary as a function of wavelength over a range of values and are generally largest at the shortest wavelengths. Because changes in temperature from one calibration to the next can affect an instrument's response, understanding the temperature effects is necessary to ensure that artificial trends are not introduced into the Brewer data records.

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The Determination of Photomultiplier Temperature Coefficients for Gain and Spectral Sensitivity Using the Photon Counting Technique

Cited by 12 publications

References 3 publications

Characterisation of the Hamamatsu R12199-01 HA MOD photomultiplier tube for low temperature applications

Characterisation of the Hamamatsu R12199-01 HA MOD photomultiplier tube for low temperature applications

Characterization of large area photomultipliers and its application to dark matter search with noble liquid detectors

Temperature dependence of the Brewer ultraviolet data

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