The Determination of Marine Biotoxins in Seafood

Gerssen, Arjen; Klijnstra, Mirjam D.

doi:10.1002/9781118992685.ch11

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…In that study, TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxy TTX were quantified by LC-MS at 315 mg/kg and 1004 mg/kg respectively, although follow-up studies in the same species showed evidence for much lower concentrations generally [ 21 , 22 ]. Our current maximum concentration equates to ~12.5 times the limit of 20 µg/kg currently in place within the Netherlands [ 17 ]. Our maximum level, however, would result in the ingestion of ~100 µg TTX following the consumption of a 400 g meal portion, which equates to approximately 5% of the MLD of 2 mg TTX [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TTXs have also been found in gastropods and bivalve molluscs, including the recent detection in European waters. TTXs have been specifically reported in a gastropod from Portugal [ 15 ], in mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) and Pacific oysters from England [ 16 ], mussels from Greece [ 7 ] and in mussels and oysters from the Netherlands [ 17 ]. Consequently, there is strong evidence for the presence of TTXs in bivalve molluscs from diverse geographic regions within European waters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, controls were introduced by the Netherlands in 2016 where a maximum limit of 20 µg/kg shellfish was initially implemented. This limit was chosen as it equates to the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the Dutch method [ 17 ]. Currently the only data published concerning the occurrence of TTXs in bivalve molluscs from the UK was reported by [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Tetrodotoxin Shellfish Poisoning (TSP) Toxins and Causative Factors in Bivalve Molluscs from the UK

et al. 2017

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Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are traditionally associated with the occurrence of tropical Pufferfish Poisoning. In recent years, however, TTXs have been identified in European bivalve mollusc shellfish, resulting in the need to assess prevalence and risk to shellfish consumers. Following the previous identification of TTXs in shellfish from southern England, this study was designed to assess the wider prevalence of TTXs in shellfish from around the coast of the UK. Samples were collected between 2014 and 2016 and subjected to analysis using HILIC-MS/MS. Results showed the continued presence of toxins in shellfish harvested along the coast of southern England, with the maximum concentration of total TTXs reaching 253 µg/kg. TTX accumulation was detected in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), native oysters (Ostrea edulis) common mussels (Mytilus edulis) and hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), but not found in cockles (Cerastoderma edule), razors (Ensis species) or scallops (Pecten maximus). Whilst the highest concentrations were quantified in samples harvested during the warmer summer months, TTXs were still evident during the winter. An assessment of the potential causative factors did not reveal any links with the phytoplankton species Prorocentrum cordatum, instead highlighting a greater level of risk in areas of shallow, estuarine waters with temperatures above 15 °C.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Tetrodotoxin Shellfish Poisoning (TSP) Toxins and Causative Factors in Bivalve Molluscs from the UK

et al. 2017

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“…Wettelijk gezien moeten voor PSP's alle toxinevarianten waarvoor referentiestoffen beschikbaar zijn gemeten worden [129,130]. Naar verwachting gaat de LC-MS/MS op termijn de LC-FLD methode vervangen [131].…”

Section: 4unclassified

“…Voor de detectie van ASP's is vloeistofchromatografie gekoppeld aan ultraviolet detectie (LC-UV) de referentiemethode [132] en daarnaast worden LC-MS/MS methodes vaak gebruikt voor screening [131]. Voor ASP's zijn voldoende analytische standaarden en gecertificeerde referentiematerialen beschikbaar.…”

Section: 4unclassified

Potentieel toxisch fytoplankton in productiegebieden van tweekleppige weekdieren : evaluatie van het Nederlandse monitoringsprogramma met voorstellen voor een alternatieve aanpak

Faassen¹,

Bovee²,

Klijnstra³

et al. 2018

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Optimization and Validation of a High Throughput UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of the EU Regulated Lipophilic Marine Toxins and Occurrence in Fresh and Processed Shellfish

et al. 2022

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Under the name of lipophilic marine toxins, there are included more than 1000 toxic secondary metabolites, produced by phytoplankton, with the common chemical property of lipophilicity. Due to toxicological effects and geographical distribution, in European legislation relevant compounds are regulated, and their determination is accomplished with the reference liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. In this study a modified ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the identification and quantification of EU-regulated lipophilic toxins. The method optimization included a refinement of SPE-C18 clean-up, in order to reduce matrix interferences. Improved LC conditions and upgraded chromatographic ammonia-based gradient ensured the best separation of all analytes and, in particular, of the two structural isomers (OA and DTX2). Also, different MS parameters were tested, and confirmation criteria finally established. The validation studies confirmed that all parameters were satisfactory. The requirements for precision (RSD% < 11.8% for each compound), trueness (recoveries from 73 to 101%) and sensitivity (limits of quantification in the range 3-8 µg kg−1) were fulfilled. The matrix effect, ranging from −9 to 19%, allowed the use of a calibration curve in solvent (3–320 µg kg-1 in matrix) for quantification of real samples. Method relative uncertainty ranged from 12 to 20.3%. Additionally, a total of 1000 shellfish samples was analysed, providing a first preliminary surveillance study that may contribute to the knowledge of lipophilic marine toxins contamination. Increase in algae proliferation events and intoxication cases, EFSA suggestions for modification of maximum permitted levels and toxicity equivalency factors, and new studies of important toxic effects underline that implementation of reference methods still represents an important task for health and food safety laboratories.

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The Determination of Marine Biotoxins in Seafood

Cited by 4 publications

References 226 publications

Detection of Tetrodotoxin Shellfish Poisoning (TSP) Toxins and Causative Factors in Bivalve Molluscs from the UK

Detection of Tetrodotoxin Shellfish Poisoning (TSP) Toxins and Causative Factors in Bivalve Molluscs from the UK

Potentieel toxisch fytoplankton in productiegebieden van tweekleppige weekdieren : evaluatie van het Nederlandse monitoringsprogramma met voorstellen voor een alternatieve aanpak

Optimization and Validation of a High Throughput UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of the EU Regulated Lipophilic Marine Toxins and Occurrence in Fresh and Processed Shellfish

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