“…In addition, short-term debt mitigates asset substitution problem (Jensen and Meckling, 1976), since the firm needs to pay back its debt before any risky growth opportunity to be exercised (Barnea et al, 1980;Leland and Thoft, 1996). During a financial crisis uncertainty and cash flow volatility increases (Lozano and Yaman, 2020), which in turn make the asset substitution problem more severe resulting in increased agency costs. Thus, considering the moral hazard incentives of a borrower, lenders are reluctant to lend long-term in a high uncertainty environment.…”