The detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human breath

Manolis, Antony; McBurney, L J; Bobble, B.A.

doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(82)94150-9

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…A successful attempt was made in 1983 by Manolis and coworkers to measure tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in breath after smoking marijuana (16 ), but the detection time for THC was only 12 min after stopping smoking. In 2010 the detection of amphetamine in exhaled breath at about 24 h after intake was reported (12 ) and initiated a new set of work aiming to explore drug breath testing further.…”

Section: Potential Biomarkers Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of Mass Spectrometry in Developing Clinical Laboratory Biomarkers of Nonvolatiles in Exhaled Breath

2016

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BACKGROUND:Exhaled breath contains nonvolatile substances that are part of aerosol particles of submicrometer size. These particles are formed and exhaled as a result of normal breathing and contain material from distal airways of the respiratory system. Exhaled breath can be used to monitor biomarkers of both endogenous and exogenous origin and constitutes an attractive specimen for medical investigations.CONTENT: This review summarizes the present status regarding potential biomarkers of nonvolatile compounds in exhaled breath. The field of exhaled breath condensate is briefly reviewed, together with more recent work on more selective collection procedures for exhaled particles. The relation of these particles to the surfactant in the terminal parts of the respiratory system is described. The literature on potential endogenous low molecular weight compounds as well as protein biomarkers is reviewed. The possibility to measure exposure to therapeutic and abused drugs is demonstrated. Finally, the potential future role and importance of mass spectrometry is discussed.

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Section: Potential Biomarkers Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of Mass Spectrometry in Developing Clinical Laboratory Biomarkers of Nonvolatiles in Exhaled Breath

2016

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“…Drug levels in exhaled breath/exhaled breath condensate A number of drugs have been analyzed in EB/EBC in various studies [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. However, there are two problems when comparing these reported levels of drugs in EBC: there are very wide variations in the reported levels (e.g., 4.8-29,800 pg/min for methadone [12]) and the different units (i.e., pg/filter, pg/min, mg/l and parts per million by volume) used to express the EBC levels of the analyte which cannot easily be converted for comparison with each other.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Exhaled Breath Condensatementioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaled Breath Condensate as an Alternative Sample for Drug Monitoring

2017

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, nail and hair are all commonly used samples in bioanalysis. Such biological samples can be used for many different purposes, including the early detection of disease, the follow-up on a cause of death in forensic science, drug dose adjustment in modern pharmacotherapy and for measuring enzyme activity in order to obtain phenotypic information for personalized medicine. Each of these biological samples has a number of advantages and disadvantages; however, serum and plasma are currently the most frequently used sample in clinical analysis. The levels of drugs in the blood, or its derived fluids, reflect the systemic levels of the analytes, and so these types of samples are widely accepted in the biomedical field. However, these samples possess a number of disadvantages, including: invasive sampling, the necessity for a skilled person to collect the sample, a very high matrix effect, patient-to-patient variability and a low compliance of the patients and/or sample donors.Exhaled breath (EB)/exhaled breath condensate (EBC) could be considered as a possible alternative sample type for drug monitoring purposes and also for the early detection/follow-up of disease through the monitoring appropriate biomarker levels [1] or the response to pharmacotherapy [2]. This editorial focuses on the advantages and disadvantages, as well as the recent findings, of the analysis of drugs in EBC. A number of important issues that should be resolved before further investigations on EBC will also be discussed. Characteristics of exhaled breath condensateThe main advantages of using EBC include: r A simpler matrix (low-matrix effect) when compared with other biological fluids; r A noninvasive nature and therefore greater compliance from patients during EBC collection; r No need for a skilled person to collect EBC; r Sampling could be repeated as frequently as required; r Direct sample injection into the analytical instruments is possible; r A greater possibility for chiral separation of enantioselective analytes.The main disadvantages of using EBC include: r A very low concentration of drugs/biomarkers due to dilution by the water vapor of exhaled air; r Different units are used to report the analytical data meaning that the data cannot easily be directly compared; r Possible contamination from the collection area (inhaled air) and also the saliva;

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“…However, recent sensitive technologies allow the detection of amphetamines, methadone, and other substances. Special equipment is needed, and at present this is probably only at its initial stage of development (95)(96)(97).…”

Section: Other Biological Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using biological samples in epidemiological research on drugs of abuse

Gjerde

Øiestad²,

Christophersen³

2011

Nor J Epidemiol

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Blood, oral fluid (saliva), urine and hair are the most commonly used biological matrices for drug testing in epidemiological drug research. Other biological matrices may also be used for selected purposes. Blood reflects recent drug intake and may be used to assess impairment. Oral fluid reflects drug presence in blood and thereby also recent intake, but drug concentrations in this matrix cannot be used to accurately estimate concentrations in blood. Urine reflects drug use during the last few days and in some cases for a longer period, but does not indicate the dose size or frequency of use. Hair reflects drug use during several months, but is a poor matrix for detecting use of cannabis. If using a single drug dose, this can be detected in blood and urine if the sample is taken within the detection timeframes, in most cases also in oral fluid. Single drug use is most often insufficient for producing a positive test result in a sample of hair. For cocaine and amphetamine, weekly use may be needed, while for cannabis a positive result is not guaranteed even after daily use. Refusal rates are lowest for oral fluid and highest for blood and hair samples. The analytical costs are lowest for urine and highest for hair. Combined use of questionnaires/interviews and drug testing detects more drug use than when using only one of those methods and is therefore expected to give more accurate data.

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The detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human breath

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Potential of Mass Spectrometry in Developing Clinical Laboratory Biomarkers of Nonvolatiles in Exhaled Breath

Potential of Mass Spectrometry in Developing Clinical Laboratory Biomarkers of Nonvolatiles in Exhaled Breath

Exhaled Breath Condensate as an Alternative Sample for Drug Monitoring

Using biological samples in epidemiological research on drugs of abuse

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