“…It can be said that optimal network design problems have been considered by surveyors ever since their inception, when most networks were designed based on surveyors' intuition or experience. With the development of modern computer technologies, the design approaches have evolved from the empirical methods (Asplund, 1963), through analytical methods (Kuang, 1996;Schmitt, 1985a and1985b), to some well-known heuristic methods, e.g., simulated annealing (Baselga, 2011;Metropolis et al, 1953), genetic algorithms (Holland, 1975;Saleh et al, 2004), and particle swarm optimization (Doma and Sedeek, 2014;Kennedy, 2011), whose principles are inspired by many adaptive optimization phenomena in nature.…”