The design of secure IoT applications using patterns: State of the art and directions for research

Fernández, Eduardo B.; Washizaki, Hironori; Yoshioka, Nobukazu; Okubo, Takao

doi:10.1016/j.iot.2021.100408

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…It is used to test whether there is a significant difference in the distribution of a continuous variable between two independent groups. Since the findings indicate differences between several independent groups, we use the Mann-Whitney U test 51 to examine 𝐻 1 𝑥 , 𝐻 2 1,3 , 𝐻 3 𝑥 , 𝐻 4 1,3 , etc. Moreover, we used Cliff's 𝛿 effect size to determine the importance of the differences between metric values.…”

Section: Analysis Methods For Energy Consumption and Cpu Usagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…They mapped the privacy patterns onto IoT, fog computing, and cloud computing architectures. Fernandez et al 4 surveyed and classified existing IoT security patterns to assess their scopes and quality and determine whether they are suitable for inclusion in a helpful catalog. A catalog must cover most of the common types of security systems to be useful.…”

Section: Iot Security Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have proposed various security patterns to encapsulate solutions to recurrent problems in the security of IoT. These patterns consider the secure design of IoT-based applications, accounting for their heterogeneity and complexity 4 , like the Personal Zone Hub, Trusted Communication Partner, Outbound-Only Connection, Blacklist, Whitelist 5 , and Secure Sensor Node patterns 6 . However, despite the availability of these security solutions, no exploratory study has compared the energy consumption and CPU usage of IoT devices when set up with different security patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the Impact of IoT Security Patterns on CPU Usage and Energy Consumption on IoT Devices

Jamshidi,

Nikanjam,

Kawser

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The Internet of Things (IoT) has given rise to numerous security issues that require effective solutions. IoT security patterns have been suggested as an effective approach to address recurrent security design issues. Although several IoT security patterns are proposed in the literature, it remains unclear how they impact the energy consumption and CPU usage of IoT-edge-based applications. We conducted an empirical study using three testbed IoT applications (i.e., smart home, smart city, and healthcare) to shed light on this issue. We evaluated the impact of six IoT security patterns, including Personal Zone Hub, Trusted Communication Partner, Outbound-Only Connection, Blacklist, Whitelist, and Secure Sensor Node, both in pairs and in combination (i.e., all patterns). Specifically, we conducted multiple penetration tests to first assess the pattern’s effectiveness against attacks. Then, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the energy consumption and CPU usage of the applications with/without the implemented security patterns, aiming to evaluate the potential impact of these patterns on energy efficiency and CPU usage. Our findings demonstrate a statistically significant increase in energy consumption and CPU usage. Based on these findings, we provide guidelines for IoT developers to follow when implementing IoT-edge-based applications.

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Section: Analysis Methods For Energy Consumption and Cpu Usagementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Iot Security Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the Impact of IoT Security Patterns on CPU Usage and Energy Consumption on IoT Devices

Jamshidi,

Nikanjam,

Kawser

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…A pattern is a type that is instantiated (maybe several times) in the model of a system design to perform specific functions; e.g., to control access in several points in a system. Pattern diagrams indicate how patterns relate to each other, showing the contribution a pattern brings to another [10].…”

Section: Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This pair could be used by car engineers to design secure units of the car architecture. In general, which specific patterns are included in an SSF and which SSFs need to be combined depends on the application [10]. In an industrial setting these SSFs would be complemented with similar packages to describe other parts of the architecture; each pattern in an SSF indicates possible implementations (in one of its sections).…”

Section: An Ssf For Autonomous Drivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstract Entity Patterns for Sensors and Actuators

Fernández¹,

Syed²

2023

Preprint

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Sensors and actuators are fundamental units in Cyber-Physical and Internet of Things systems. Because they are included in a variety of systems, using many technologies, it is very useful to characterize their functions abstractly by describing them as Abstract Entity Patterns (AEPs), that are patterns that describe abstract conceptual entities. For concreteness, we study them here in the context of autonomous cars. An autonomous car is a complex system because, in ad-dition to its own complex design, it interacts with other vehicles and with the surrounding in-frastructure. To handle these functions, it must incorporate various technologies from different sources. An autonomous car is an example of a Cyber-Physical System, where some of its func-tions are performed by Internet of Things units. Sensors are extensively used in autonomous cars to measure physical quantities; actuators are commanded by controllers to perform appro-priate physical actions. From AEPs we can derive concrete patterns, a structure combining re-lated AEPs is an Entity Solution Frame (ESF). Both sensors and actuators are susceptible to mali-cious attacks due to the large attack surface of the system where they are used. Our work is in-tended to make autonomous cars more secure, which also increases their safety. Our final objec-tive is to build a Security Solution Frame for sensors and actuators of autonomous cars that will facilitate their secure design. A Security Solution Frame is a solution structure that groups to-gether and organizes related security patterns. This article is the first stage of a secure unit that can be used to design not only secure autonomous cars but also any system where sensors and actuators are used. This paper concentrates on AEPs and ESFs for sensors and actuators; that is, on the functional aspects of these devices.

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