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In engineering terms, all materials deposited as a result of glacial and periglacial processes are transported soils. Many of these deposits have engineering characteristics that differ from those of water-lain sediments. In the UK, the most extensive glacial and periglacial deposits are tills. Previously, engineering geologists have classified them geotechnically as Lodgement, Melt-out, Flow and Deformation Tills or as variants of these. However, in this book, tills have been reclassified as: subglacial traction till, glacitectonite and supraglacial mass flow diamicton/glaciogenic debris flow deposits (see Chapter 4 Sections 4.1-4.3). Because this classification is new, it is not possible to relate geotechnical properties and characteristics to the subdivisions of the new classification. Consequently, the domain/stratigraphic classification, recently developed by the British Geological Survey and others, has been used and their geotechnical properties and characteristics are discussed on this basis. The geotechnical properties and characteristics of the other main glacial and periglacial deposits are also discussed. For some of these (for example, glaciolacustrine deposits, quick clays and loess), geohazards relating to the lithology and/or fabric of the deposit are discussed along with their properties. Other geohazards that do not relate to lithology and/or fabric are discussed separately as either local geohazards or regional ones. In some cases (for example, glaciofluvial sands and gravels), the geotechnical properties and behaviour are similar to sediments deposited under different climatic conditions. Consequently, these deposits are not discussed at length. Similarly, some of the local geohazards that are found associated with glacial and periglacial deposits relate to current climatic conditions and are not discussed here. Examples include landsliding and highly compressible organic soils (peats). geographical location and description. This means that some of the data in the literature can be attributed to the new stratigraphical till units. Examples of this are discussed below. Further, it should be noted that in Chapter 4 Section 4.6 it is demonstrated how the landsystem approach can be reconciled with the domains approach of McMillan et al. (2011) and McMillan & Merritt (2012). As the geotechnical property information from the NGPD, some of which is summarised here, is classified in terms of domains, it is proposed that, in the longer term, the landsystem/domain approach should supersede the till classifications used by Trenter (1999) and Clarke (2012). 6.2.1.2 Glacial till stratigraphy 6.2.1.2.1 Glacial tills on the geological map During the desk study stage of a site investigation some of the initial geological information comes from the relevant geological map. In the UK, the geological maps used (published by the BGS) are at 1:50,000 or 1:10,000 scale. A broad overview of the national extent of glacial tills in the UK can be obtained from the engineering geology maps produced at a scale of 1:1,000...
In engineering terms, all materials deposited as a result of glacial and periglacial processes are transported soils. Many of these deposits have engineering characteristics that differ from those of water-lain sediments. In the UK, the most extensive glacial and periglacial deposits are tills. Previously, engineering geologists have classified them geotechnically as Lodgement, Melt-out, Flow and Deformation Tills or as variants of these. However, in this book, tills have been reclassified as: subglacial traction till, glacitectonite and supraglacial mass flow diamicton/glaciogenic debris flow deposits (see Chapter 4 Sections 4.1-4.3). Because this classification is new, it is not possible to relate geotechnical properties and characteristics to the subdivisions of the new classification. Consequently, the domain/stratigraphic classification, recently developed by the British Geological Survey and others, has been used and their geotechnical properties and characteristics are discussed on this basis. The geotechnical properties and characteristics of the other main glacial and periglacial deposits are also discussed. For some of these (for example, glaciolacustrine deposits, quick clays and loess), geohazards relating to the lithology and/or fabric of the deposit are discussed along with their properties. Other geohazards that do not relate to lithology and/or fabric are discussed separately as either local geohazards or regional ones. In some cases (for example, glaciofluvial sands and gravels), the geotechnical properties and behaviour are similar to sediments deposited under different climatic conditions. Consequently, these deposits are not discussed at length. Similarly, some of the local geohazards that are found associated with glacial and periglacial deposits relate to current climatic conditions and are not discussed here. Examples include landsliding and highly compressible organic soils (peats). geographical location and description. This means that some of the data in the literature can be attributed to the new stratigraphical till units. Examples of this are discussed below. Further, it should be noted that in Chapter 4 Section 4.6 it is demonstrated how the landsystem approach can be reconciled with the domains approach of McMillan et al. (2011) and McMillan & Merritt (2012). As the geotechnical property information from the NGPD, some of which is summarised here, is classified in terms of domains, it is proposed that, in the longer term, the landsystem/domain approach should supersede the till classifications used by Trenter (1999) and Clarke (2012). 6.2.1.2 Glacial till stratigraphy 6.2.1.2.1 Glacial tills on the geological map During the desk study stage of a site investigation some of the initial geological information comes from the relevant geological map. In the UK, the geological maps used (published by the BGS) are at 1:50,000 or 1:10,000 scale. A broad overview of the national extent of glacial tills in the UK can be obtained from the engineering geology maps produced at a scale of 1:1,000...
Of the several comprehensive geological reviews of the East Midlands, none makes more than a passing reference to the engineering or environmental geology. This paper is thus the first to attempt such a review, although only a brief appraisal is possible here.Earth tremors causing minor structural damage have occurred in the Nottingham region, although more damaging ground movements have usually resulted from natural subsidence, reactivation of Pleistocene landslips or collapse of old mines for lead ore and gangue minerals, limestone, coal and gypsum. More controlled and predictable subsidence is characteristic of modern coal mining although anomalous subsidence does still occur, as do slope failures in the numerous cuttings, quarries, and opencast workings for road metal, limestone, fluorspar, calcite, barytes, coal and gypsum. Mining, and to a lesser extent quarrying, has had profound effects on the underground movement of water, particularly in the Peak District where the water table has been permanently lowered as a result of centuries of lead mining. A similar lowering of the water table, now reversed, resulted from over pumping of the Sherwood Sandstones. The management, including recharge and pollution control, of this aquifer is of major importance to Nottingham.The wide range of foundation conditions reflects the range of rock types and problems vary from avoiding costly excavations for the M1 in hard Pre-Cambrian rocks to bridging the Trent over unconsolidated sands, gravels and peats. The extent of periglacial weathering is crucial in determining the foundation characteristics of Namurian, Westphalian, Mercia Mudstones and Jurassic strata and, as demonstrated by case histories, cannot be neglected in other formations.Throughout the region there are conflicting interests arising from exploitation of resources in areas of considerable amenity value. Satisfactory solutions have been found for some of these problems, for example, with the nature reserves and Water Sports Centre developed from gravel workings, but others, such as the proposals for disposing of nuclear waste, have attracted much attention, but though temporarily postponed, remain unsolved.
Following a palaeoclimatic outline of the Late Quaternary, the paper reviews the periglacial and slope processes which have most effect on engineering works, particulary with regard to relic forms of such features in Britain. The first topics covered are; frost heave and thaw consolidation, thermokarst and periglacial mass movements, with particular attention to periglacial solifluction and slope development. Ground water discharge features, comprising pingos, anomalous depressions in the London Basin and perforated clay feather edges, are then discussed, as are superficial valley disturbances in various geological settings. The paper concludes by exploring theoretical and geological approaches to the determination of the former depths of permafrost in Britain.
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