The depths of the ocean : a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic

Appellöf, Jakob Johan Adolf; Gran, H. H.; Helland-Hansen, Björn; Hjort, Johan; Murray, John

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.6874

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…In the classic work by Menard and Smith [1966], the world ocean hypsometry was analyzed using the most recent Russian and U.S. bathymetric maps available at the time of the study. They concluded that their derived hypsometric curve differed little from that published by Murray and Hjort [1912]. This is somewhat surprising considering that 54 years passed between these studies and that major discoveries on the ocean floor morphology had been published [e.g., Heezen, 1960;Heezen and Ewing, 1961] during this time interval.…”

Section: Hypsometry Of the World Oceanmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Such a curve is commonly used as a base for description of a region's morphology and geological evolution. With the very limited information available at the beginning of the twentieth century, the world ocean hypsometry was calculated by Murray and Hjort [1912]. The maps underlying their study were compiled by Murray from all available soundings that, at the time, amounted to 5962.…”

Section: Hypsometry Of the World Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A new digital bathymetric model of the world's oceans

Weatherall

Marks

Jakobsson

et al. 2015

Earth and Space Science

746

546

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General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) has released the GEBCO_2014 grid, a new digital bathymetric model of the world ocean floor merged with land topography from publicly available digital elevation models. GEBCO_2014 has a grid spacing of 30 arc sec and updates the 2010 release (GEBCO_08) by incorporating new versions of regional bathymetric compilations from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean, the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean, the Baltic Sea Bathymetry Database, and data from the European Marine Observation and Data network bathymetry portal, among other data sources. Approximately 33% of ocean grid cells (not area) have been updated in GEBCO_2014 from the previous version, including both new interpolated depth values and added soundings. These updates include large amounts of multibeam data collected using modern equipment and navigation techniques, improving portrayed details of the world ocean floor. Of all nonland grid cells in GEBCO_2014, approximately 18% are based on bathymetric control data, i.e., primarily multibeam and single-beam soundings or preprepared grids which may contain some interpolated values. The GEBCO_2014 grid has a mean and median depth of 3897 m and 3441 m, respectively. Hypsometric analysis reveals that 50% of the Earth's surface is composed of seafloor located 3200 m below mean sea level and that~900 ship years of surveying would be needed to obtain complete multibeam coverage of the world's oceans.

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Section: Hypsometry Of the World Oceanmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Hypsometry Of the World Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new digital bathymetric model of the world's oceans

Weatherall

Marks

Jakobsson

et al. 2015

Earth and Space Science

746

546

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, deep sea data gathering is reflected in a few pieces of a puzzled map of discoveries. Tentative exploration of the deep sea is thought to have begun in 1521 with Fernão de Magalhães attempting to sound the Pacific Ocean between two coral islands (Murray and Hjort 1912). Yet, despite recent technological developments, it is still difficult to sample this inaccessible environment due to strong currents, rough bottoms and high costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural history collections as a basis for sound biodiversity assessments: Plexauridae (Octocorallia, Holaxonia) of the Naturalis CANCAP and Tyro Mauritania II expeditions

Sampaio¹,

Carreiro‐Silva²,

Freiwald³

et al. 2019

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Mapping biodiversity is the marathon of the 21st Century as an answer to the present extinction crisis. A century in which science is also characterised by large scientific datasets collected through new technologies aiming to fill gaps in our knowledge of species distributions. However, most species records rely on observations that are not linked to specimens, which does not allow verification of species hypotheses by other scientists. Natural history museums form a verifiable source of biodiversity records which were made by taxonomists. Nonetheless, these museums seem to be forgotten by biologists in scientific fields other than taxonomy or systematics. Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) in Leiden is care keeper of large collections of marine organisms, which were sampled in the Northeast Atlantic during the CANCAP and Tyro Mauritania II expeditions (1976–1988). Many octocorals were sampled and deposited in the NBC collection, where they became available for study and were partially identified by the senior author (M.G.) in the 1980s. Nonetheless, no checklist or taxonomic revision was published so far with the complete results. In 2016 the first author visited NBC to examine NE Atlantic Plexauridae octocorals. Plexauridae octocoral-vouchered records were listed and mapped to reveal high standard primary biodiversity records unreported so far for the NE Atlantic Ocean. Twenty-four Plexauridae species with ~ six putative new species to science were discovered and eleven new biogeographical records were made from distinct Macaronesian archipelagos. Finally, new depth range records were found for three species at sea basin level and for eight species at a regional scale.

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“…Murray et al. () described the formation of highly silicified resting spores in L. danicus and Gran () reported that these resting spores develop directly from auxospores. Subsequently, Davis et al.…”

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confidence: 99%

A reappraisal of the genus Leptocylindrus (Bacillariophyta), with the addition of three species and the erection of Tenuicylindrus gen. nov

Nanjappa

Kooistra

Zingone

2013

Journal of Phycology

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Centric diatoms of the genus Leptocylindrus are common in the marine plankton worldwide. Only two species, L. danicus Cleve and L. minimus Gran, so far clearly belong to this genus, whose diversity has not been fully investigated. We investigated frustule and spore morphology as well as three nuclear- and three plastid-encoded markers of 85 Leptocylindrus strains from the Gulf of Naples, and one from the Atlantic US. The strains grouped into five molecularly distinct species with different levels of morphological differentiation. Two species matched the description of L. danicus and produced similar spores but differed in morphometric characters and sub-central pore position, supporting the description of L. hargravesii Nanjappa and Zingone as a distinct species. Leptocylindrus danicus var. apora French III and Hargraves, lacking a sub-central pore and not forming spores, was raised to the species level as L. aporus (French III and Hargraves) Nanjappa and Zingone. A fourth species with convex valves was described as L. convexus Nanjappa and Zingone. The fifth species matched the description of L. belgicus Meunier, considered as synonym of L. minimus. However, ultrastructural differences from all other Leptocylindrus supported the erection of the genus Tenuicylindrus Nanjappa and Zingone with T. belgicus (Meunier) Nanjappa and Zingone as type species. None of the sequences matched the L. minimus sequence in GenBank. The species analyzed showed different or partially overlapping seasonal distributions. Despite the addition of the new taxa, the ancient diatom lineage of the Leptocylindraceae shows a relative species poorness and considerable morphological stasis.

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The depths of the ocean : a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

A new digital bathymetric model of the world's oceans

A new digital bathymetric model of the world's oceans

Natural history collections as a basis for sound biodiversity assessments: Plexauridae (Octocorallia, Holaxonia) of the Naturalis CANCAP and Tyro Mauritania II expeditions

A reappraisal of the genus Leptocylindrus (Bacillariophyta), with the addition of three species and the erection of Tenuicylindrus gen. nov

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