The Depth Limit for the Formation and Occurrence of Fossil Fuel Resources

Pang, Xiongqi; Jia, Chengzao; Zhang, Kun; Li, Maowen; Wang, Youwei; Peng, Junwen; Li, Boyuan; Chen, Junqing

doi:10.5194/essd-2019-72

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…There are two methods to predict the expulsion threshold depth (ETD); one is the Ro versus depth approach developed by Peters and Cassa (1994), and the other is the relative hydrocarbon potential (RHP) versus depth method developed by Pang et al (2019) and Edress, Fagelnour, and Hassan (2022); Edress, Fagelnour, and Mahmoud (2022) (Figure 15). The RHP is calculated according to Pang et al (2019) as follows (Table 1):

RHP = ((S_{1} + S_{2}) / TOC) \times 100 .

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Expulsion threshold depth and active source rock depth limit of Azhar‐A‐2 well: (a) the method of Pang et al (2019) and (b) the method of Peters and Cassa (1994). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The threshold expulsion depth based on the active source rock depth limit (ASDL) and the maximum recorded value of RHP plotted against depth can be readily ascertained by calculating the RHP curve's minimum withdraw depth (Pang et al, 2019). According to this method, the ETD is considered at 6550 ft through the A/R 'F' Member limits, where the 11,750 ft depth is considered the ASDL through lower Kharita Formation limits (Figure 15a).…”

Section: Active Source Rock Depth Limit and Expulsion Threshold Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochemical evaluation and basin modelling of the Cretaceous succession in the Azhar Oil field, West Beni Suef Basin, Egypt

Farouk,

Saada,

Fagelnour

et al. 2024

Geological Journal

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Geochemical analysis was performed on the Cretaceous sequence of the Azhar‐A‐2 well in the West Beni Suef Basin (WBSB), Western Desert, Egypt, utilizing data on total organic carbon (TOC), kerogen composition, vitrinite reflectance (Ro%) and Rock‐Eval pyrolysis. In addition, a 1D basin model was built to investigate the burial and temperature history of the study area. The most important Cretaceous source rocks are predominantly reported within the Albian Kharita Formation and Late Cenomanian‐Santonian Abu Roash (AR) Formation. Based on visual kerogen tests and Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, AR Formation (A, E, F, and G) are mixed oil‐ and gas‐prone source rocks with kerogens ranging from type II to type III, where A/R ‘A and F’ Members show dominant oil‐prone kerogen with the highest generative potential, while A/R ‘E and G’ Members are more gas‐prone kerogen. Most samples of the lower Kh Formation were interpreted as gas‐prone kerogen type III with low generative potential. On the other hand, the high amount of liptinite in the visual kerogen macerals is a strong indicator that the lower Petroleum Formation is an oil‐prone rather than gas‐prone source rock. The thermal maturity of the studied members increases consistently with depth, ranging from immature at the top of the AR Formation to the main/peak oil window at the base of the Lower Kharita Formation, which served as an active source rock for the hydrocarbons generated in the WBSB. The high value of the heat flow in the Beni Suef Basin (57 and 60 mW/m2) is a good indicator for the shallowing of the active source rock depth limit depth. From the study of the basin modeling, the main mature zone reached between 9811 and 11,090 ft in the middle of the Late Cretaceous (84.3–82.5 Ma) is through the L. Kharita Formation with three phases of hydrocarbon generation according to transformation ratio, where the second phase is the main stage in which TR is 5%–50%, showing the beginning of oil expulsion (Ro: 0.73%–0.78%, possibly 0.81%).

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RHP = ((S_{1} + S_{2}) / TOC) \times 100 .

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Expulsion threshold depth and active source rock depth limit of Azhar‐A‐2 well: (a) the method of Pang et al (2019) and (b) the method of Peters and Cassa (1994). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Active Source Rock Depth Limit and Expulsion Threshold Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochemical evaluation and basin modelling of the Cretaceous succession in the Azhar Oil field, West Beni Suef Basin, Egypt

Farouk,

Saada,

Fagelnour

et al. 2024

Geological Journal

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“…The increasing demand for energy and raw materials and the depletion of the fossil fuel resources [1] have made the use of substantial alternative resources mandatory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisited Mechanisms for Glucose Electrooxidation at Platinum and Gold Nanoparticles

et al. 2022

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The electrooxidation of glucose on gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (NPs) is investigated in alkaline medium by cyclic voltammetry after chronoamperometry at different potentials (+0.100 V, +0.200 V and +0.400 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry measurements. We show that glucose can adsorb on both metallic Au and Pt surfaces at low potentials, but that the adsorbed species are different: hydrogen atoms, carbon monoxide (CO), lactones and gluconate species on Pt-NPs, and only hydrogen atoms and gluconate species on Au-NPs. On Pt-NPs, the first oxidation peak between +0.050 V vs RHE and +0.250 V vs RHE is due to glucose adsorption and hydrogen atoms oxidation into protons (H + ), whereas the second electrochemical feature between +0.250 V vs RHE and +0.800 V vs RHE is due to the oxidation of glucose into lactone, gluconate and of adsorbed CO into carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). For Au-NPs, adsorbed hydrogen atoms are not oxidized into H + but transformed into molecular hydrogen H 2 , and glucose is adsorbed as gluconate species that are desorbed into gluconates for potentials higher than +0.300 V vs RHE.

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Subsurface geology and geochemical evaluation of the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous organic-rich intervals, West Kalabsha area, Western Desert, Egypt

Edress

Fagelnour²,

Hassan³

2022

Arab J Geosci

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The West Kalabsha (WKAL) area is a western extreme exploratory area of the Faghur Basin in the Western Desert of Egypt. The study of four wells (WKAL; A-1 X, K-1 X, P-1X, and C-1 X), interpreted with twenty seismic lines, shows that the area is dissected by a series of normal faults with an irregular, E–W strike direction. The general trend of the throw is toward the south–southeast. The most prospective area for hydrocarbon (HC) migration is toward the north (upthrown side) of an E-W striking normal fault north of the WKAl-K-1 X and A-1 X wells. The WKAL-P-1 X and WKAL-K-1 X wells in the Faghur Basin were selected for both geochemical evaluation of possible source rock intervals and burial history modelling within the basin. Integration of the wire-line logs with geochemical analysis identified six organic matter-rich intervals (OMRIs) within the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous sequence. Four intervals are in the Alam El-Bueib-3C (AEB-3C) member with a cumulative vertical thickness of 530ft. The other OMRIs are 110ft in thickness recorded within the AEB-6 (10ft) and Upper Safa (100ft) members. The studied organic matter (OM) reveals type III, IIIC, and IV kerogens (mainly gas-prone) with a terrestrial origin. They have reached a maturity level consistent with the late oil window. The expulsion threshold depth detected in the WKAL-P-1 X well is 12000ft in the AEB-3C member, whereas the active source depth limit (ASDL) is 15000ft in the Safa Member. The present study suggests a paleo-geothermal gradient range between 1.13oF/100ft and 1.39oF/100ft with an estimated regional erosion of 5500 to 7000ft of strata mainly between the Paleozoic-Jurassic and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundaries. The present-day geothermal gradient based on bottom-hole temperatures shows a geothermal gradient of 1.4oF/100ft (WKAL-P-1 X), that increases to the north to 1.65oF/100ft (WKAL-K-1 X). Burial history modelling reveals that sedimentary strata entered the mature oil zone in the Early Cretaceous (110–115Ma) at depths of 7500–8000ft in the deepest part of WKAL-P-1 X and WKAL-K-1 X wells (Paleozoic strata). Maturation continued to present, resulting in Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata currently falling into the late oil window.

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The Depth Limit for the Formation and Occurrence of Fossil Fuel Resources

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

Geochemical evaluation and basin modelling of the Cretaceous succession in the Azhar Oil field, West Beni Suef Basin, Egypt

Geochemical evaluation and basin modelling of the Cretaceous succession in the Azhar Oil field, West Beni Suef Basin, Egypt

Revisited Mechanisms for Glucose Electrooxidation at Platinum and Gold Nanoparticles

Subsurface geology and geochemical evaluation of the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous organic-rich intervals, West Kalabsha area, Western Desert, Egypt

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