The Depressive Personality

Chodoff, Paul

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750290076014

Cited by 197 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Since Kraepelin [1920] included mood swings at a personality level within his con cept of manic-depressive insanity, and Abra ham [1948] described the obsessional per sonality characteristics of depressed individ uals, much effort has been made to attempt to define the personality structure of the de pression-prone individual [for recent reviews see Chodoff, 1972;von Zerssen, 1976von Zerssen, , 1982Matussek and Fed, 1983;Hirschfeld et al, 1983], For several years our group has also paid particular attention to the issue of per sonality characteristics in depressed patients [Perris, 1966[Perris, , 1971Strandman, 1978;Perris and Strandman, 1978], More recently, our interest has been focused on more stable per sonality traits, and in particular on aspects of aggression, and on factors which might con tribute to the building up of such characteris tics [Perris ct al., 1979a[Perris ct al., , b, 1983a. The interest in studies of personality and depres sion lies in the attempt to identify factors which might contribute to the development of a depressive disorder and which might be relevant to an effective treatment of the de pressed patients.…”

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confidence: 99%

Personality Traits in Former Depressed Patients and in Healthy Subjects without Past History of Depression

Perris

Eisemann

et al. 1984

Psychopathology

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208 patients (81 male and 127 female) in the age range 21–67 years completed a Swedish personality inventory (Karolinska Sjukhusets Personlighetsinventorium; KSP) aimed at measuring stable personality traits after recovering from the depressive syndrome. Diagnostically, the series comprised 62 unipolars, 31 bipolars, 58 neurotic-reactive depressives, and 57 patients with an ‘unspecified’ depressive disorder, i.e., those patients who did not meet the criteria for inclusion in any of the aforementioned groups. As a contrast group, a series of 75 mentally healthy individuals (27 men and 48 women with a mean age of 39.5 ± 12.1 years) without any past history of depression was also investigated. The former patients scored differently from the healthy controls in almost all the personality variables covered by the KSP, with the exception of the variable ‘social desirability’, on which all groups scored alike. A factor analysis of the results yielded three principal factors: factor 1 covering such variables which reflect anxiety proneness, psychasthenia, suspicion, and guilt; factor 2 (bipolar) covering different aspects of aggression; and factor 3 comprising the variables ‘impulsiveness’ and ‘monotony avoidance’. From the present study it is concluded that although inter-group differences do occur, the main characteristics of the personality of the depression-prone individual seem to be anxiety, psychasthenia (covering such traits as orderly, conscientious, bound to routine), suspicion, and guilt. Such characteristics are shared by all diagnostic subgroups. Depression-prone individuals also show a higher level of inhibited aggression and a lower level of manifest aggression than healthy controls. The results verify earlier findings by other authors as well as those by our group. Reasons why the personality structure characterizing our former patients should not be regarded as a complication of a previous depressive disorder are discussed. It is assumed that these characteristics might represent an important psychological variable that contributes to enhancing an individual’s reactivity to adverse external events leading to a depressive breakdown.

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Personality Traits in Former Depressed Patients and in Healthy Subjects without Past History of Depression

Perris

Eisemann

et al. 1984

Psychopathology

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“…One acknowledged source of error as regards the assessment of personality characteristics in psychiatric patients by means of personality inventories is re presented by the state of the patient at the time of the self-rating (Perris, 1966;Snaith et ai, 1971;Chodoff, 1972;Paykel et al" 1976). Several investigations carried out by various authors (reviews in : Chodoff, 1972;von Zerssen, 1977) using well-established personality inventories have shown pronounced differ ences in the results of the self-ratings obtained in depressed patients in different phases of illness.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Several investigations carried out by various authors (reviews in : Chodoff, 1972;von Zerssen, 1977) using well-established personality inventories have shown pronounced differ ences in the results of the self-ratings obtained in depressed patients in different phases of illness. In particular, one of the most consistent findings has been that extroversion scores tend to increase and neuroticism scores to decrease when patients are investigated first during depression and later after recovery {Astrdm and blander, 1960;Coppen and Metcalfe, 1965;Kendell and DiScipio, 1968;Perris, 1971;VazSerra and Pollitt, 1975).…”

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confidence: 99%

Variations in Self-Assessment of Personality Characteristics in Depressed Patients, with Special Reference to Aspects of Aggression

Perris¹,

Eisemann²,

Eriksson³

et al. 1979

Psychopathology

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30 in-patients, 14 male and 16 female, aged 24–69 years (mean age 47.1 ± 2.7) suffering from a moderately severe or severe depressive syndrome completed a new personality inventory, the KSP, on two separate occasions. The first-when they were depressed and had just been admitted to the hospital, the second when they were at home and in their customary situation. On the same test occasions the severity of their psycho-pathology was rated by means of the CPRS. A significant improvement in CPRS rating was ascertained on the second test occasion. In contrast only small changes occurred in the subscales of the KSP. The score referring to ‘psychic anxiety’ and to ‘somatic anxiety’ decreased slightly but significantly (p < 0.05). The scores referring to ‘social desirability’ also showed a significant (p < 0.01) slight decrease. Of particular note is that no significant differences were found in the 6 KSP subscales concerned with aspects of aggression, or in the factors which can be obtained from these subscales. Our findings amongst this population of non-psychotic depressed patients do not support the assumption that changes in the direction of agression occur during depression.

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“…Psychoanalysts historically believed that depression was caused by anger converted into self-hatred ("anger turned inward"), introjection of love object loss, severe super ego demands, excessive narcissistic, oral and anal personality need (Chodoff, 1972), deprivation in the mother child relationship during the first year (Kleine, 1934).…”

Section: Psychodynamic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression: Psycho-Yogic way to over-come depression

Gaur

2016

IRA-JEMS

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<div><p><em>Today most of the person are suffering from various mental health troubles and looking for hope at yogic techniques. Due to bad thoughts and negative feelings the mood and emotional state of a person swing and become distorted. If such state remains for a long time, then a person may suffer from mood disorder or can becomes depressive. Mood disorder refers to one of a group of disorders primarily affecting emotional tone. Nowadays there is an increasing interest to use Yoga for health benefits and treating disease. The aim of the present research paper was to evaluate the use of Yoga in managing depression with proposed mechanism of the yogic technique duly supported by researchers. </em></p></div>

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The Depressive Personality

Cited by 197 publications

References 26 publications

Personality Traits in Former Depressed Patients and in Healthy Subjects without Past History of Depression

Personality Traits in Former Depressed Patients and in Healthy Subjects without Past History of Depression

Variations in Self-Assessment of Personality Characteristics in Depressed Patients, with Special Reference to Aspects of Aggression

Depression: Psycho-Yogic way to over-come depression

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