The Depressive Character

Kahn, Ernest

doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1975.tb02347.x

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Major depressive disorder (MDD) is typically characterized by pervasive and persistent sadness and feelings of helplessness and worthlessness (American Psychiatric Association 2013 ; Kahn 1975 ). Over the past decade, this disease has become the second leading cause of disability worldwide (Brundtland 2001 ; Rosenblat et al 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different spatial patterns of brain atrophy and global functional connectivity impairments in major depressive disorder

Zhuo

Zhu

Wang

et al. 2016

Brain Imaging and Behavior

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Alterations in grey matter structure and functional connectivity (FC) are pathological features of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the relationship between brain structural and functional impairments in MDD remains uncertain. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between alterations in grey matter volume (GMV) and resting-state global functional connectivity density (rs-gFCD) in MDD. Forty-five patients with MDD and 48 healthy controls underwent structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). GMV and rs-gFCD maps of each subject were created, and the intergroup differences in these neuroimaging metrics were evaluated. Compared to healthy controls, patients with MDD displayed reduced GMV in the left insula, putamen, amygdala and hippocampus (mainly in the limbic system). In contrast, decreased rs-gFCD was observed in the left postcentral and precentral gyri, right fusiform gyrus and lingual gyrus (mainly in the sensory system). Furthermore, we found no significant correlations between GMV and rs-gFCD in these brain regions. Finally, overlap ratio analysis demonstrated that the spatial distribution patterns of intergroup differences on the GMV and rs-gFCD maps were distinct. Our findings suggest that the presence of distinct spatial distribution patterns of brain atrophy and global FC impairments might be pathological features of MDD.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9645-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different spatial patterns of brain atrophy and global functional connectivity impairments in major depressive disorder

Zhuo

Zhu

Wang

et al. 2016

Brain Imaging and Behavior

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“…In addition, this construct or variants of it (e.g, affective personality) were included in the personality disorders sections of the first and second editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM; American Psychiatric Association, 1952Association, ,1968) and in the International Classification of Disease (World Health Organization, 1978). Although depressive personality has been defined in a variety of ways, it has typically referred to a constellation of traits including low self-esteem, self-blame, pessimism, and submissiveness (Bemporad, 1976;Chodoff, 1972;Kahn, 1975;Storr, 1980).…”

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confidence: 99%

Depressive personality: Reliability, validity, and relation to dysthymia.

Klein¹

1990

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

109

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The reliability and validity of Schneider's (1958) construct of depressive personality was evaluated in a sample of 177 outpatients, who were administered structured diagnostic and family history interviews, an extensive battery of inventories, and a 6-month follow-up assessment. The criteria for depressive personality had moderate to good interrater reliability, internal consistency, and test-retest stability, and the assessment of depressive personality traits was not influenced by patients' clinical states. In addition, preliminary support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the depressive personality construct was obtained. Although there were significant relations between the depressive personality and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. and rev. 3rd ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1980, 1987) diagnoses of dysthymia, the depressive personality was not entirely subsumed by existing mood disorders.

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“…Most theories focused on orality/dependence and anality/obsessiveness, with some attention to low self-esteem, helplessness, guilt, dependence, inability to love, hypercriticism, self-deprecation, hopelessness, emptiness, and hypochondriasis [6][7][8]. Kernberg [9] incorporated orality/dependence and anality/ obsessiveness into his psychoanalytic conceptualization of depressive-masochistic personality disorder.…”

Section: Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive personality disorder: A critical overview

Bagby

Ryder²,

Schuller³

2003

Curr Psychiatry Rep

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Depressive personality disorder (DPD), which has a long tradition in psychiatry, currently resides in Appendix B ("Disorders for Further Study") of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. After a brief outline of this history, the authors review empirical research on DPD using the Robins and Guze criteria (discussed later) for diagnostic and clinical validity as a framework. Although DPD has unique features, the authors argue that this diagnosis can largely be subsumed under dysthymic disorder. As a result of diagnostic confusion, and of the small amount of research conducted in this area, recommendations for the assessment and treatment of DPD are necessarily speculative. The authors conclude that if personality disorders are maintained as categoric constructs, DPD may best be understood as a subtype of dysthymic disorder. A more radical solution would be to conceptualize DPD, along with the other personality disorders, as extreme positions along dimensional continua.

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The Depressive Character

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Different spatial patterns of brain atrophy and global functional connectivity impairments in major depressive disorder

Different spatial patterns of brain atrophy and global functional connectivity impairments in major depressive disorder

Depressive personality: Reliability, validity, and relation to dysthymia.

Depressive personality disorder: A critical overview

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