The Deportation of German Nationals from Canada, 1919 to 1939

Abstract

This article examines the repatriation

‘Avenge the Lusitania’: The Anti-German Riots in South Africa in 1915

“…The political struggles among the different layers of the white South African society about a white South African identity let the Germans in South Africa off the hook, at a time when the less unmanageable dominion of Canada implemented harsh measures against German residents. 165 …”

The bureaucratic organization of race in deportation and Canadian immigration policy

“…The historical use of deportation as a method of removing immigrants considered to be 'enemy aliens' during times of distress is well documented in the Canadian experience. The Canadian government introduced section 41 of the Immigration Act of 1910 to enforce the removal of individuals who promoted violence, encouraged disorder or had any affiliation with organizations or groups who shared intentions to overthrow the government (Grams, 2010). This policy was used to target Germans living in Canada during World War I, fueled by a popular sentiment that constructed this group as possessing some inherent tendency to undermine the Canadian state.…”

“…The racialized application of Bill C-44 translated in the mass deportation of Jamaicans from Canada throughout the rest of the 1990s (Burt et al, 2016). As a policy, deportation has existed since confederation to remove 'undesirable' immigrants from Canada (Grams, 2010;Lewey, 2009). In fact, the Immigration Act of 1910 was used to forcefully repatriate subversive elements in the foreign born population that were deemed to be 'enemy aliens' (Grams, 2010;Lewey, 2009).…”

“…As a policy, deportation has existed since confederation to remove 'undesirable' immigrants from Canada (Grams, 2010;Lewey, 2009). In fact, the Immigration Act of 1910 was used to forcefully repatriate subversive elements in the foreign born population that were deemed to be 'enemy aliens' (Grams, 2010;Lewey, 2009). Today, deportation is primarily used as a method to remove immigrants that are considered to be the most dangerous criminals from the Canadian landscape (Barnes, 2009).…”

The Story of Josef Lainck: From German Emigrant to Alien Convict and Deported Criminal to Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp Inmate

“…The USA remained the preferred country of German emigration, with Argentina third and Brazil fourth. Due to the Canada's prosperity between 1923 and 1930, combined with a liberal immigration policy, allowed a steady entry of European immigrants; Lainck was part of this voluntary migratory movement to Canada (Grams, 2010).…”