The dependence of wind stress on wave height and wind speed

Blake, Reginald

doi:10.1029/91jc02223

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Note that it is quite plausible for the oceanic surface to be aerodynamically rougher than the beach, especially for finegrained foreshore slopes on ebb tide or when a dissipative surf zone is saturated with large storm waves. Roughness lengths over ocean surfaces can be estimated from Chamock's (1955) relationship and other more sophisticated expressions that take into account 'wave age' (e.g., Blake, 1991;Nordeng, 1991). Roughness lengths over beaches can be estimated using similar approaches, even for conditions including saltating sediments (Sherman, 1992).…”

Section: Aeolian Processes and Formmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of beach-dune systems

Sherman

Bauer

1993

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

195

128

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Beaches and coastal dunes are dynamic geomorphic systems that respond to process forcing over a broad spectrum of spatial and temporal scales. At all scales, there are potential suites of interaction between system forms and processes, and the mechanisms of interaction are stressed in this article. At micro-scales, this interaction is formalized through the concept of morphodynamics, and deterministic and probabilistic approaches are used to model sediment transport and landform development over time scales of hours to months and space scales of metres to kilometres. Meso-scale interactions are conceptualized using a sediment-budget approach. Nine characteristic environments comprise the beach and dune sediment-budget ensemble, representing a classification scheme for reciprocating coastal systems.Beaches and coastal dunes are among the most dynamic of geomorphic environments. Energy expenditures from waves, currents and winds are typically large and applied over relatively small areas. Form changes are frequent, often with dramatic fluctuations over timescales of hours to days, making these environments promising venues for studies of process-form relationships. Form changes also occur over periods of decades and longerimportant timespans for coastal resource management and the study of landscape evolution.Traditionally, the wave-current-dominated beach and the wind-dominated dunes have been examined as distinct and separate systems. During the last decade, however, there has been increased emphasis on 'beach-dune interaction' (e.g., Short and Hesp, 1982;McLachlan, 1990;Psuty, 1988; with the recognition that these two environments are often strongly coupled and mutually adjusted. Sediment exchanges between beach and dune environments are governed by complex feedback mechanisms that may have important repercussions for the evolution of the integrated beach-dune system (Chapman, 1989). Such a holistic perspective has been adopted by coastal resource managers for quite some time (e.g., Walker, 1990), but it is relatively recent to coastal engineering and geomorphology. This article is a review and discussion of literature that pertains to the notion of beach-dune interaction with particular focus on process-form coupling -that is, processes that affect and are affected by local morphology. Downloaded from 414 11 Conceptual framework and scope ~ &dquo;... Our discussion of beach-dune interaction is organized around a conceptual framework (Figure 1) based on Valentin's (1952) classification method. In this scheme, coastal change can be in response to relative displacement of the water-land interface through either horizontal or vertical movement of the water level or the land mass over a spectrum of spatiotemporal scales. Two end-member situations can be identified: (1) unconditionally advancing coasts, where depositional processes and/or emergent trends create a situation where the shoreline migrates seaward; and (2) unconditionally retreating coasts, where erosional processes and/or submergent trends cause shorelin...

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Section: Aeolian Processes and Formmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of beach-dune systems

Sherman

Bauer

1993

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

195

128

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“…Much research has been done on determining the value of c w . Blake (1991) discusses well the dependence of c w on wind speed and wave height and includes a reference list of previous work. Estimates of the drag coefficient range between 1.0 × 10 -3 and 1.5 × 10 -3 for wind speeds between about 4 and 15 m/s.…”

Section: Dynamic Surface Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Semi-Implicit, Three-Dimensional Model for Estuarine Circulation

Smith¹

2006

Open-File Report

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This report mostly is a republication of a Ph.D. thesis prepared by the author for the University of California, Davis, in 1997. Only minor changes in the original thesis were made; these changes did not change the substance of the report. The reference list and the discussions of the state of knowledge in 3-D estuarine modeling have not been upgraded beyond 1997. The intent of republishing this work is to make its content available in an online format as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report series. The version of the computer model described in this report is applicable only to simple rectangular geometries. Since 1997, it has been entirely recoded using the latest (Fortran 95) programming enhancements and generalized for applications to estuaries that have arbitrary geometries, including islands and barriers, and multiple open boundaries. The model has been used successfully in several applications to different parts of the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary, California. Although the model was designed mostly to apply to estuaries, the University of California, Davis, has successfully applied it to studies of lakes (Clear Lake and Lake Tahoe, California) also. Additional publications describing the model and its applications will be forthcoming.

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“…Already Blake (1991) surmised that wind drag does not grow indefinitely linearly with wind speed. A cap on wind drag was introduced by Khandekar et al (1993) to improve wave predictions in hurricane conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source term balance in a severe storm in the Southern North Sea

Vledder

Hulst²,

McConochie

2016

Ocean Dynamics

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This paper presents the results of a wave hindcast of a severe storm in the Southern North Sea to verify recently developed deep and shallow water source terms. The work was carried out in the framework of the ONR funded NOPP project (Tolman et al. 2013) in which deep and shallow water source terms were developed for use in third-generation wave prediction models. These deep water source terms for whitecapping, wind input and nonlinear interactions were developed, implemented and tested primarily in the WAVEWATCH III model, whereas shallow water source terms for depth-limited wave breaking and triad interactions were developed, implemented and tested primarily in the SWAN wave model. So far, the new deepwater source terms for whitecapping were not fully tested in shallow environments. Similarly, the shallow water source terms were not yet tested in large inter-mediate depth areas Shell Global Solutions International B.V, Rijswijk, The Netherlands like the North Sea. As a first step in assessing the performance of these newly developed source terms, the source term balance and the effect of different physical settings on the prediction of wave heights and wave periods in the relatively shallow North Sea was analysed. The December 2013 storm was hindcast with a SWAN model implementation for the North Sea. Spectral wave boundary conditions were obtained from an Atlantic Ocean WAVEWATCH III model implementation and the model was driven by hourly CFSR wind fields. In the southern part of the North Sea, current and water level effects were included. The hindcast was performed with five different settings for whitecapping, viz. three Komen type whitecapping formulations, the saturation-based whitecapping by Van der Westhuysen et al. (2007) and the recently developed ST6 whitecapping as described by Zieger et al. (2015). Results of the wave hindcast were compared with buoy measurements at location K13 collected by the Dutch Ministry of Transport and Public Works. An analysis was made of the source term balance at three locations, the deep water location North Cormorant, the inter-mediate depth location K13 and at location Wielingen, a shallow water location close to the Dutch coast. The results indicate that at deep water the source terms for wind input, whitecapping and nonlinear four-wave interactions are of the same magnitude. At the inter-mediate depth location K13, bottom friction plays a significant role, whereas at the shallow water location Wielingen also depth-limited wave breaking becomes important.

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The dependence of wind stress on wave height and wind speed

Cited by 20 publications

References 30 publications

Dynamics of beach-dune systems

Dynamics of beach-dune systems

A Semi-Implicit, Three-Dimensional Model for Estuarine Circulation

Source term balance in a severe storm in the Southern North Sea

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