The deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis in plants and microorganisms

Eisenreich, Wolfgang; Schwarz, Matthias; Cartayrade, Alain; Arigoni, D.; Zenk, Meinhart H.; Bacher, Adelbert

doi:10.1016/s1074-5521(98)90002-3

Cited by 415 publications

(329 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…All natural isoprenoids are derived from two basic five-carbon molecules, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its allylic isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) [1,3]. In higher plants, the isoprenoid building units are formed from two pathways that operate in different subcellular compartments [4][5][6]. One is the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, which is localized in the cytosol [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) gene results in albino, dwarf and defects in trichome initiation and stomata closure in Arabidopsis

Xing

Miao

et al. 2010

Cell Res

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1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) is an important enzyme involved in the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway which provides the basic five-carbon units for isoprenoid biosynthesis. To investigate the role of the MEP pathway in plant development and metabolism, we carried out detailed analyses on a dxr mutant (GK_215C01) and two DXR transgenic co-suppression lines, OX-DXR-L2 and OX-DXR-L7. We found that the dxr mutant was albino and dwarf. It never bolted, had significantly reduced number of trichomes and most of the stomata could not close normally in the leaves. The two co-suppression lines produced more yellow inflorescences and albino sepals with no trichomes. The transcription levels of genes involved in trichome initiation were found to be strongly affected, including GLABRA1, TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABROUS 1, TRIPTYCHON and SPINDLY, expression of which is regulated by gibberellic acids (GAs). Exogenous application of GA 3 could partially rescue the dwarf phenotype and the trichome initiation of dxr, whereas exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) could rescue the stomata closure defect, suggesting that lower levels of both GA and ABA contribute to the phenotype in the dxr mutants. We further found that genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of GA and ABA were coordinately regulated. These results indicate that disruption of the plastidial MEP pathway leads to biosynthetic deficiency of photosynthetic pigments, GAs and ABA, and thus the developmental abnormalities, and that the flux from the cytoplasmic mevalonate pathway is not sufficient to rescue the deficiency caused by the blockage of the plastidial MEP pathway. These results reveal a critical role for the MEP biosynthetic pathway in controlling the biosynthesis of isoprenoids.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) gene results in albino, dwarf and defects in trichome initiation and stomata closure in Arabidopsis

Xing

Miao

et al. 2010

Cell Res

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“…Despite the great diversity of structure and function, only two metabolic precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) 3 and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) are used as the building blocks for all the isoprenoids (7,8). The well known acetate/mevalonate pathway was thought to be the only biochemical pathway for the synthesis of IDP (8,9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The well known acetate/mevalonate pathway was thought to be the only biochemical pathway for the synthesis of IDP (8,9). However, incorporation of 13 C-labeled precursors into polyterpenoids revealed that an alternative, mevalonate-independent pathway known as the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway also leads to the biosynthesis of IDP in bacteria (8,10,11). Further studies showed that the MEP pathway is also present in green algae (12) and higher plants (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Feedback Inhibition of Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate Synthase Regulates the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway

Banerjee

et al. 2013

Journal of Biological Chemistry

151

186

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Background:The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is required for the biosynthesis of plastid-derived isoprenoids from plants. Results: Deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) was cloned from Populus trichocarpa, and metabolic regulation was tested. Conclusion: Both isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate inhibit DXS by competing with thiamine pyrophosphate. Significance: Prediction of isoprene emission from trees and bioengineering of MEP pathway will be aided by these results.

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“…More than 25,000 naturally occurring isoprenoid derivatives are known, including such important classes of bioactive compounds as vitamin A and related light-capturing and ultraviolet-protecting carotenoids, steroids that modify lipid membranes and participate in signal transduction in eukaryotes, phytols that form the membrane-anchoring side chains of chlorophyll, and plant protective isoprenoids (Eisenreich et al 1998). Pathways of isoprenoid biosynthesis are perturbed in such human diseases as mevalonic aciduria (OMIM Entry 251170) and hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D with periodic fever syndrome (OMIM Entry 260920; Houten et al1999a,b), but can be modified to the advantage of human health, as in the case of inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by cholesterolreducing drugs (Moghadasian 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The central role of isoprenoids in living cells has prompted the search for the enzymes of the mevalonate pathway in different species. Biochemical evidence has suggested the occurrence of this pathway in various eukaryotes and in archaea, and its apparent substitution in bacteria by an alternative route involving biosynthesis and reductive isomerization of deoxy-Dxylulose phosphate (DXP) (Eisenreich et al 1998; Fig. 1).…”

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confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis of Isoprenoids via Mevalonate in Archaea: The Lost Pathway

Smit

Mushegian²

2000

Genome Res.

123

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Isoprenoid compounds are ubiquitous in living species and diverse in biological function. Isoprenoid side chains of the membrane lipids are biochemical markers distinguishing archaea from the rest of living forms. The mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis has been defined completely in yeast, while the alternative, deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate synthase pathway is found in many bacteria. In archaea, some enzymes of the mevalonate pathway are found, but the orthologs of three yeast proteins, accounting for the route from phosphomevalonate to geranyl pyrophosphate, are missing, as are the enzymes from the alternative pathway. To understand the evolution of isoprenoid biosynthesis, as well as the mechanism of lipid biosynthesis in archaea, sequence motifs in the known enzymes of the two pathways of isoprenoid biosynthesis were analyzed. New sequence relationships were detected, including similarities between diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase and kinases of the galactokinase superfamily, between the metazoan phosphomevalonate kinase and the nucleoside monophosphate kinase superfamily, and between isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerases and MutT pyrophosphohydrolases. Based on these findings, orphan members of the galactokinase, nucleoside monophosphate kinase, and pyrophosphohydrolase families in archaeal genomes were evaluated as candidate enzymes for the three missing steps. Alternative methods of finding these missing links were explored, including physical linkage of open reading frames and patterns of ortholog distribution in different species. Combining these approaches resulted in the generation of a short list of 13 candidate genes for the three missing functions in archaea, whose participation in isoprenoid biosynthesis is amenable to biochemical and genetic investigation.

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The deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis in plants and microorganisms

Abstract: Recent studies have uncovered the existence of an alternative, non-mevalonate pathway for the formation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, the two building blocks of terpene biosynthesis.

Cited by 415 publications

References 62 publications

Disruption of the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) gene results in albino, dwarf and defects in trichome initiation and stomata closure in Arabidopsis

Disruption of the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) gene results in albino, dwarf and defects in trichome initiation and stomata closure in Arabidopsis

Feedback Inhibition of Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate Synthase Regulates the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway

Biosynthesis of Isoprenoids via Mevalonate in Archaea: The Lost Pathway

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