The Density Puzzle: What is Known, What is Disputed, and Where to Go from Here

Abstract

The state of the literature on density is complicated. This review considers what is known and still disputed about density, focusing on thematic evidence of density's relationship to (a) transportation, (b) environmental sustainability, (c) health, (d) inequality, (e) social interaction, (f) amenities and services, (g) economic impact, and (h) crime. We summarize the complexity of density measurement and what is known about conditions under which residents accept densification. We conclude by suggesting future directions for research—including increased attention to causality, innovative methods, a focus on revealed versus expressed preferences, and the inclusion of low-density places in density studies.