The density of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenic and bipolar subjects

Beneš, Francine M.; Vincent, Stephen L.; Todtenkopf, Mark S.

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01084-8

Cited by 312 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…It is unclear which of these cellular actions is related to lithium's therapeutic effects; an increasing number of studies are now attempting to elucidate the processes that convert these second messenger-mediated events into long-term cellular phenotypic changes. Notably, recent postmortem neuropathologic studies have documented reduced neuronal density in brain regions in which we found evidence for robustly increased gray matter density in lithium-treated patients, particularly the anterior cingulate (Benes et al 2001;Bouras et al 2001). Although effects of mood-stabilizing medications were not explicitly examined in these studies, the question of whether lithium treatment has long-term neuroprotective benefits that persist following termination of treatment is also of fundamental importance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Greater Cortical Gray Matter Density in Lithium-Treated Patients with Bipolar Disorder

Bearden¹,

Thompson²,

Dalwani³

et al. 2007

Biological Psychiatry

262

172

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Greater Cortical Gray Matter Density in Lithium-Treated Patients with Bipolar Disorder

Bearden¹,

Thompson²,

Dalwani³

et al. 2007

Biological Psychiatry

262

172

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“…Our findings implicate the actin cytoskeleton in the schizophrenia pathology within the ACC for the first time. The cytoarchitectural variations found in this study may trigger the structural changes observed in the ACC in schizophrenia 3,8,9 and warrant further investigations into the molecular mechanisms and effects of an altered cytoskeleton in the disease state.…”

Section: Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Within the ACC there is an observed gray matter volume reduction 3 and accordingly, reduced laminar thickness, 7 a reduction of pyramidal neurons in the deeper lamina 8,9 and smaller pyramidal neuron size. 7,8 In layer II of the ACC vertical fibres are increased 10 and small neurons decreased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A proteome analysis of the anterior cingulate cortex gray matter in schizophrenia

et al. 2006

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The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC, Brodmans Area 24) is implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia due to its normal functions and connectivity together with reports of structural, morphological and neurotransmitter aberrations within this brain area in the disease state. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) was employed to scan and compare the ACC gray matter proteomes between schizophrenia (n = 10) and control (n = 10) post-mortem human tissue. This proteomic approach has detected 42 protein spots with altered levels in the schizophrenia cohort, which to our knowledge is the first proteomic analysis of the ACC in schizophrenia. Thirty nine of these proteins were subsequently identified using mass spectrometry and functionally classified into metabolism and oxidative stress, cytoskeletal, synaptic, signalling, trafficking and glial-specific groups. Some of the identified proteins have previously been implicated in the disease pathogenesis and some offer new insights into schizophrenia. Investigating these proteins, the genes encoding these proteins, their functions and interactions may shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia.

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“…There is additional evidence for bipolar medial prefrontal abnormalities outside the sACC including the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC, subregion of the cingulate just anterior to the genu), anterior middle cingulate cortex (aMCC, subregion of the cingulate dorsal to the genu), and medial aspects of the superior frontal cortex. Post-mortem pathology in bipolar disorder in these regions have included reduced neuronal (Benes et al, 2001;Bouras et al, 2001) and synaptic marker density (Eastwood and Harrison, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Anterior Cingulate/Medial Prefrontal Cortical Glutamate and Creatine in Bipolar Depression

Frye

Watzl

Banakar

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

202

127

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Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 HMRS) is an in vivo brain imaging method that can be used to investigate psychotropic drug mechanism of action. This study evaluated baseline 1 HMRS spectra of bipolar depressed patients and whether the level of cerebral metabolites changed after an open trial of lamotrigine, an anti-glutamatergic mood stabilizer. Twenty-three bipolar depressed and 12 control subjects underwent a MRS scan of the anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex. The scan was performed on a GE whole-body 1.5 T MRI scanner using single-voxel PRESS (TE/TR ¼ 30/3000 ms, 3 Â 3 Â 3 cm 3 and post-processed offline with LCModel. Baseline CSF-corrected absolute concentrations of glutamate + glutamine ([Glx]), glutamate ([Glu]), and creatine + phosphocreatine ([Cr]) were significantly higher in bipolar depressed subjects vs healthy controls. The non-melancholic subtype had significantly higher baseline [Glx] and [Glu] levels than the melancholic subtype. Remission with lamotrigine was associated with significantly lower post-treatment glutamine ([Gln]) in comparison to non-remission. These data suggest that non-melancholic bipolar depression is characterized by increased glutamate coupled with increased energy expenditure. Lamotrigine appears to reduce glutamine levels associated with treatment remission. Further study is encouraged to determine if these MR spectroscopic markers can delineate drug mechanism of action and subsequent treatment response.

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The density of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenic and bipolar subjects

Cited by 312 publications

References 43 publications

Greater Cortical Gray Matter Density in Lithium-Treated Patients with Bipolar Disorder

Greater Cortical Gray Matter Density in Lithium-Treated Patients with Bipolar Disorder

A proteome analysis of the anterior cingulate cortex gray matter in schizophrenia

Increased Anterior Cingulate/Medial Prefrontal Cortical Glutamate and Creatine in Bipolar Depression

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