The density dependence of plant responses to elevated CO<sub>2</sub>

Wayne, Peter M.; Carnelli, Adriana L.; Connolly, J.; Bazzaz, F. A.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00357.x

Cited by 30 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The few previous studies of density · CO 2 effects on more than one aspect of growth have shown enhancements to root and shoot mass (Berntson et al 2000 Frequency distributions for (a) shoot (stem + leaf), (b) root, and (c) reproductive biomass size-classes. Open and shaded bars represent ambient (360 lL L À1 ) and enriched (720 lL L À1 ) CO 2 concentrations, respectively vegetative and reproductive mass (Ackerly et al 1995;He et al 2003;Wayne et al 1999), but we know of no other studies that address growth stimulation in all plant structures, or the reduction of whole-plant biomass inequalities within densely grown populations or communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In natural plant populations, the growth advantages of large individuals over smaller ones can be either enhanced or reduced (Poorter et al 2003;Wayne et al 1999) by the extra carbon supply in elevated atmospheric CO 2 . The resulting increase or decrease in size inequalities can in turn affect the relative reproductive output of dominant and subordinate plants (He et al 2003;Wayne et al 1999), potentially altering evolutionary and population dynamics (Thomas et al 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulting increase or decrease in size inequalities can in turn affect the relative reproductive output of dominant and subordinate plants (He et al 2003;Wayne et al 1999), potentially altering evolutionary and population dynamics (Thomas et al 1993). Through changes in dominance hierarchies and future stand composition, growth and reproductive inequalities within mixed and single-species stands can also influence community structure, diversity, and ecosystem function (Huxman et al 1999;Ko¨rner 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CO2 enrichment reduces reproductive dominance in competing stands of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed)

Stinson

Bazzaz

2005

Oecologia

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Plants growing in dense stands may not equally acquire or utilize extra carbon gained in elevated CO(2). As a result, reproductive differences between dominant and subordinate plants may be altered under rising CO(2) conditions. We hypothesized that elevated CO(2) would enhance the reproductive allocation of shaded, subordinate Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae) individuals more than that of light-saturated dominants. We grew stands of A. artemisiifolia at either 360 or 720 muL L(-1) CO(2) levels and measured the growth and reproductive responses of competing individuals. To test whether elevated CO(2) altered size and reproductive inequalities within stands, we compared stand-level coefficients of variation (CV) in height growth and final shoot, root, and reproductive organ biomasses. Elevated CO(2) enhanced biomass and reduced the CV for all aspects of plant growth, especially reproductive biomass. Allocation to reproduction was higher in the elevated CO(2) than in the ambient treatment, and this difference was more pronounced in small, rather than large plant positive relationships between the CV and total stand productivity declined under elevated CO(2), indicating that growth enhancements to smaller plants diminished the relative biomass advantages of larger plants in increasingly crowded conditions. We conclude that elevated CO(2) stimulates stand-level reproduction while CO(2)-induced growth gains of subordinate A. artemisiifolia plants minimize differences in the reproductive output of small and large plants. Thus, more individuals are likely to produce greater amounts of seeds and pollen in future populations of this allergenic weed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CO2 enrichment reduces reproductive dominance in competing stands of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed)

Stinson

Bazzaz

2005

Oecologia

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“…Differences in canopy architecture (Wetzel & van der Valk 1998), the timing of the main phase of competition (Wray & Strain 1987), and the responses induced by varying plant density (Wayne et al 1999) are among the most important factors influencing the outcome of plant competition. In this study, yield at harvest after 1 yr growth provides a useful snapshot of the interactions of the 2 species, demonstrating the trends in relation to treatment discussed above, and suggesting that competition is mediated by plant height and rhizome development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate impacts on pioneer saltmarsh plants

Gray¹,

Mogg²

2001

Clim. Res.

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The 2 grass species that dominate the lower zones of North European saltmarshes utilise different photosynthetic pathways. Puccinellia maritima, a C 3 species, occurs at higher elevations than Spartina anglica, a C 4 species, which is a relatively recent invader and appears not to form extensive swards in latitudes north of ~54°N because of the limiting effect of low early-season temperatures and the greater competitive ability of Puccinellia. We investigate the differential responses of the 2 grasses to rising temperatures and CO 2 concentrations in the light of earlier work that predicts increases in their primary production, assuming a 3°C rise in temperature and a doubling of atmospheric CO 2 . Predictions of their responses to climate change are made using evidence from present day competitive interactions in relation to marsh elevation and latitude, and from a competition experiment in which the 2 species were grown under ambient and elevated temperature (+ 3°C) and ambient and enriched CO 2 (+ 340 ppm) in all factorial combinations. Puccinellia biomass was significantly increased, as expected, by CO 2 enrichment and, probably from increasing early-season growth, by elevated temperature; the effect appeared additive, with the highest yield at the + 3°C + 340 ppm treatment. Spartina growth increased as predicted in response to elevated temperature, but also unexpectedly in high CO 2 treatment, possibly through increased efficiency in water-use. Competition was largely asymmetric in favour of Puccinellia, affecting Spartina height and shoot weight, with intraspecific effects on tiller production and total biomass; Spartina mainly responded to both treatments and competition by increased below-ground growth. These results are compared with other, single-factor, experiments and suggest that, depending critically on some other aspects of climate change such as rising relative sea level and nutrient dynamics, Spartina is likely to extend its range northwards as CO 2 and temperatures rise, but Puccinellia will continue to replace it in the succession, and probably at lower marsh elevations than at present.

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“…influence both the magnitude and duration of the responses of tree seedlings and saplings to CO 2 (Callaway et al, 1994). The results presented here and those obtained in earlier studies (Wayne et al, 1999;Wayne and Bazzaz, 1995) suggest that the estimates of the CO 2 fertilization potential of forest species, derived from individually grown trees may be unreliable for trees like birch that commonly regenerate in the presence of competition. Therefore, it is necessary to simultaneously consider density when assessing accurately the responses of plant populations to CO 2 enrichment.…”

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confidence: 50%

Leaf photosynthesis of Betula albosinensis seedlings as affected by elevated CO2 and planting density

Zhang

Duan

Qiao

et al. 2008

Forest Ecology and Management

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The density dependence of plant responses to elevated CO₂

Cited by 30 publications

References 35 publications

CO2 enrichment reduces reproductive dominance in competing stands of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed)

CO2 enrichment reduces reproductive dominance in competing stands of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed)

Climate impacts on pioneer saltmarsh plants

Leaf photosynthesis of Betula albosinensis seedlings as affected by elevated CO2 and planting density

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The density dependence of plant responses to elevated CO2

Cited by 30 publications

References 35 publications

CO2 enrichment reduces reproductive dominance in competing stands of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed)

CO2 enrichment reduces reproductive dominance in competing stands of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed)

Climate impacts on pioneer saltmarsh plants

Leaf photosynthesis of Betula albosinensis seedlings as affected by elevated CO2 and planting density

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Product

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The density dependence of plant responses to elevated CO₂