The density and thermal conductivity of solid nitrogen and carbon dioxide

Cook, Tracy; Davey, G.

doi:10.1016/0011-2275(76)90217-4

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Most of the data are in agreement except for Cook and Davey (1976) and Roder (1962) near the 4 K range. As mentioned before by Stachowiak et al (1994), the cause for Roder's data not being in agreement is most likely from defects formed during the growth and cooling of Roder's samples.…”

Section: Compiled Property Summarysupporting

confidence: 59%

“…It is reasonable to assume that Satorre et al (2004) also had voids form in the samples. Satorre produced samples by directly sublimating GN 2 onto a cold head inside a vacuum chamber, similar to what Cook and Davey (1976) did in their experiments. It should be noted also since Cook and Davey (1976) did not plot their ρ measurements as functions of temperature but instead condensation rate, these data points were not compiled.…”

Section: Compiled Property Summarymentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Cook and Davey (1976), reported κ for SN 2 while investigating the rate of condensation of ice that builds up on a given cryopump. In order to find the rate of “condensation” (the authors use condensation and deposition interchangeably) of GN 2 , the ρ and thermal resistance must be found.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cook and Davey noted in their paper that the results for κ were likely due to voids that were produced in the samples, and other sources such as Manzheliĭ et al (1999) noted that the lack of agreement in Cook and Davey's κ data was likely a result of sample quality. Due to the lack in agreement with other sources, caution would be advised against using the κ data from Cook and Davey (1976) along with the values reported by Roder (1962) in the 4 K range.…”

Section: Compiled Property Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey of Cryogenic Nitrogen Thermomechanical Property Data Relevant to Outer Solar System Bodies

Sagmiller

Hartwig

2020

Earth and Space Science

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The outer Solar System has many bodies of interest that have continued to captivate the planetary science community, recently Triton, a captured Kuiper belt object (KBO) of Neptune, and Pluto. Limited fly-by observational data shows evidence that nitrogen is the dominant constituent on these two bodies, potentially also existing on other KBOs as well. Current simulations related to answering fundamental science questions and also to develop future mission science packages and vehicles require accurate, reliable thermodynamic, and mechanical property data of solid and gaseous nitrogen at relevant surface and atmospheric conditions. This paper thus presents an exhaustive review of all available experimental N 2 property data dating back to 1887. Each historical study is systematically analyzed and summarized and then the consolidated database is assembled. Comments are made on the validity of data sets, with an emphasis on specific heat capacity at constant pressure and constant volume (C P , C v), thermal conductivity (κ), volume thermal expansion (α V), density (ρ), equilibrium vapor pressure (P vap), heat of sublimation (ΔH S), heat of transition (ΔH T), Gruneisen parameter (γ G), adiabatic and isothermal compressibility (x S , x T) and moduli of elasticity (C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 33 , C 44). Results here can be used directly and immediately to perform new simulations on N 2-based bodies as well as to determine gaps in the consolidated database for future experiments.

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Section: Compiled Property Summarysupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Compiled Property Summarymentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Compiled Property Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey of Cryogenic Nitrogen Thermomechanical Property Data Relevant to Outer Solar System Bodies

Sagmiller

Hartwig

2020

Earth and Space Science

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“…which for the pumped chamber (dimensions 0.2 m × 0.2 m × 0.1 m) n = 1.28 × 10 −7 mol.The thickness of a frozen layer can be found by dividing the layer's volume by the surface area of the cold stage. Assuming the layer is mostly nitrogen, we can calculate the volume of the condensate V solid using the density of solid nitrogen (ρ = 500 kg/m 3 at 29 K[77]) and the ideal gas law:…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

RF MEMS for Cryogenic Applications

Bruno

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RF MEMS (Radio Frequency Microelectromechanical Systems) has been a rapidly expanding eld for the last decade. This expansion is driven by the need for low power, high linearity and high performance devices for wireless, defense, and scientic applications. NASA has a vested interest in RF MEMS switches for signal routing and phase modulation in their next generation of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) measurements. Recently detected anisotropies in the polarization of the CMB by the BICEP2 detector have provided insight to the structure and energy of the inationary period right after the Big Bang and NASA looks to expand on that success with the Beyond Einstein Ination Probe which will map the polarization of CMB over the entire sky. This work investigates the fabrication and reliability of RF MEMS devices as possible candidates for phase modulators operating on a satellite platform for CMB measurements at temperatures close to absolute zero. RF MEMS DC-contact series switches have been implemented from DC − 30 GHz on superconducting Nb microstrip on 5 µm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates. The devices were built using a novel fabrication process that uses the device layer of the SOI as the microstrip dielectric. Tunable resonators (f c = 16 GHz) have been designed and fabricated using the RF MEMS switches to tune f c in 1 GHz steps. RF performance of the switches and resonators are presented.The contact resistance (R C ) when the switch is closed is also of interest because variations in R C could introduce errors into CMB measurements. A closed-cycle cryostat has been modied to measure shifts in R C as the devices are actuated. Reliability testing of the devices at 4 K show that the devices are currently unreliable for long term operation at cryogenic temperatures, with device lifetimes less that one million contacts. Device failure is in the form of stiction, or a permanently closed switch that will no longer actuate. Charging of the substrate underneath the MEMS switch has been determined as the main cause of stiction at 4 K. Results and possible solutions to prolong operation lifetime are discussed.

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