The density and surface tension of liquid lithium at melting temperature

Surface Tension of Liquid Alkali, Alkaline, and Main Group Metals: Theoretical Treatment and Relationship Investigations

“…The effect of increasing temperature on the numerical value of surface tension is that the surface tension decreases linearly as temperature increases (Figure 2). The calculated surface tension values of liquid lithium are accurately described by c = 441 -0.15 (T-Tm) (mJ m À2 ), which is very close to the reported data [59,61] (Figure 2). From Figure 2, the surface excess entropy was calculated and found to be 0.15 mJ m À2 K À1 , which is close to the experimental value (0.147 mJ m À2 K À1 ).…”

“…Also, a comparison with the theoretical and experimental data reported by Lu and Jiang [46] and Egry et al [53] is reasonable. However, the surface tension of liquid alkali metals were reported both theoretically [54][55][56] and experimentally [57][58][59][60][61] by many researchers. It is seen that there is a significant difference between the calculated and experimental values of surface tension for Be, Mg, Al, and Pb, which is simply due to the strong effect of impurity, such as oxygen, on their melts.…”

“…It is seen that there is a significant difference between the calculated and experimental values of surface tension for Be, Mg, Al, and Pb, which is simply due to the strong effect of impurity, such as oxygen, on their melts. The surface tension of pure liquid lithium in the temperature range of 454 K to 1300 K (181°C to 1027°C) was calculated using its reported density data at different temperatures [59,61] (Figure 1). The effect of increasing temperature on the numerical value of surface tension is that the surface tension decreases linearly as temperature increases (Figure 2).…”

The surface tension of indium: Methods and results of investigations

“…The recom mended values σ and dσ/dT were selected with consider ation for the degree of reliability and accuracy of the measurement method, purity of the samples used, and measurement conditions of the ST ) of indium in the solid state but near T m . Data are summarized inTable 6[87] for com parison of the ST and SE of indium in the liquid and solid states…”

Thermal relaxation of lithium dendrites

“…66 For a melting point of bulk Li 0 : T MB = 180 1C = 453 K, the condition T/T MB 4 0.7 that determines the onset of surface reconstruction is already met by Li 0 at E300 K. 66 The above condition, which strictly applies to flat Li 0 crystals, will be relaxed for microcrystalline dendrites because the melting point T MD of dendrite tips of radius of curvature r is necessarily lower than T MB . From the Gibbs-Thompson equation that relates T MD with T MB , eqn (8): [76][77][78] T MD ¼ T MB 1 À 4s S;L DH MB d S r (8) with solid-liquid surface energy s SL = 0.41 J m À2 , 79,80 melting enthalpy DH MB = 512 Kg m À3 , and solid density d S = 430 kJ Kg À1 , we estimate that, for example, the T MD of conceivable dendrite tips sharper than r o 73 nm would be: T MD o 0.9 T MB E 400 K = 127 1C.…”