The Demonstration of Tonic Neck and Labyrinthine Reflexes and Positive Heliotropic Responses in Normal Human Subjects

Wells, Herbert

doi:10.1126/science.99.2559.36

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…That is, the tonic neck response appeared to be minimal initially, but became more evident and invariable as fatigue increased. This notion is consistent with that of Wells (1944) and others who have noted the tonic neck reflex after muscles of interest were rendered hypertonic.…”

Section: Tonic Neck Responsesupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Therefore, behavior consistent with the tonic neck reflex in adults was generally thought to be an indication of CNS anomaly (Byers, 1938). To investigate the reflex, experimenters developed various procedures, which included rendering the target muscles hypertonic prior to head manipulations (Wells, 1944) or using special apparatus to measure the reflex (Ikia, 1950). For example, Tokizane, Murao, Ogata, and Kondo (1951) directly measured the change in muscle tonus attributed to the head position, first described by Magnus and de Kleijn, by use of coaxial needle electromyography.…”

Section: Tonic Neck Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Response Biases: Tonic Neck Response and Aftercontraction Phenomenon

Shea

Guadagnoli

Dean

1995

Journal of Motor Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the present experiments, an attempt was made to document possible response biases resulting from changes in head position and to determine if this source of bias is additive or interactive in its influence on learned motor responses when paired with response biases arising from the aftercontraction phenomenon (Shea, Shebilske, Kohl, & Guadagnoli, 1991). The results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that the influence of head position on response biases was dependent on head position during acquisition and on the direction in which the head was turned with respect to the flexors and extensors involved in the movement; the magnitude of the effect tended to increase as the force of the contraction increased. In Experiment 3, increases in the intensity of a prior contraction were reflected in the magnitude of the response bias and changes in head position were reflected in corresponding changes in response biases. These findings are consistent with the influence of the aftercontraction phenomenon and demonstrations of the tonic neck response. The additive effects arising from precontraction and head position suggest each source of bias results in independent contributions to the performance of learned motor responses. Indeed, head position effects appear to combine with, or offset influences of, prior contractions.

show abstract

Section: Tonic Neck Responsesupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Tonic Neck Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Response Biases: Tonic Neck Response and Aftercontraction Phenomenon

Shea

Guadagnoli

Dean

1995

Journal of Motor Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Intercst in the TNlt :II a normal phenomenon then subsided. The c'asc with which various reflexes, including the T N l t could be demonstrated in man was described bj Wells in 1944. In recent years observations 1i:ivc come especially from the Japanese, Ikai (1950 1951), Tokizane and his associates (1951), :mc from Fukuda (1961), whose English translation o a previously published monograph (1957) suni marizes aninterest in the labyrinthine, optokinctic and tonic neck reflexes extending over 20 y w r s Magnus and de Kleijn had limited the receptivc field for the T N R to the first three cervical sc.g ments of the vertebral column, but it was not unti 1951 that McCouch, Deering and Ling exclutlrc the muscles and localized this t o the upper joint of the neck. The widespread deficits in boclj balance and orientation which follow anesthrtic block of the C1, C2, and C3 dorsal roots it primates have been described recently by Cohci (1961).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods of Evoking the Tonic Neck Reflexes in Normal Human Subjects

Hellebrandt

Schade

Carns

1962

American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The effect of head position on aiming error relative to the midline position. Carns, 1962;Hellebrandt et al, 1956;Wells, 1944) or following brain injury (Hosseini & Lifshitz, 2009;Yamshon, Machek & Covalt, 1949). It seems clear though from the present findings on arm positioning and Shea et al's (1995) work on submaximal force production, that the postural response biases generated by head position can influence arm movements without requiring the participant to be generating a maximal effort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%