The delayed neuropathic effects of nerve agents and some other organophosphorus compounds

Gordon, J; Inns, R.H.; Johnson, Martin K.; Leadbeater, L.; Maidment, M P; Upshall, D. G.; Cooper, Graham H.; Rickard, R. L.

doi:10.1007/bf00354767

Cited by 72 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…26 The prevalence of chronic neurological complications in our cohort were similar to the chronic signs reported previously in animals exposed to either mustard gas or a nerve agent. 27 It is also interesting to note that 14% of exposed participants were suffering from repeated infections, eruptions of herpes zoster and mouth ulcers, as previous reports indicate that immuno-suppression and altered host-defence responses with depression of cell-mediated immunity have been reported in both animal and human studies following exposure to CWs. 13,28 There is no previous clear evidence linking CWs to teratogenic effects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Long-term health effects of chemical warfare agents on children following a single heavy exposure

Talabani

Ali²,

Kadir

et al. 2017

Hum Exp Toxicol

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In the 1980s, villages in the Kurdistan region of Iraq were exposed to chemical weapons (CWs), which killed and injured thousands of civilians. There has been no clinical assessment of the long-term effects of CWs exposure on those injured. We report the first such evaluation of CW effects on long-term health of children. Patients from the CW-exposed areas were interviewed to assess previous and current clinical history and underwent clinical examination. The status of organs known to be targets of CWs, including skin, eyes, respiratory and neuromuscular systems, was assessed. Children of similar age and social background, but with no history of CW exposure, were selected as a control population. Results showed that 70% of children in the CWs group had chronic health problems in contrast to 3.3% in the unexposed group (p < 0.0001). Fifty-five per cent of the CWexposed group had long-term visual impairment but none in the unexposed population. Thirty-six per cent of the CW-exposed group had chronic dermatological conditions compared with 0.8% of the unexposed group (p < 0.0001), 31% of the CWs group had neurological sequelae compared with 0.4% of the unexposed group (p < 0.0001) and 51% of the CWs group had long-term respiratory problems compared with 1.5% of the unexposed group (p < 0.0001). Respiratory complaints including asthma, chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis were particularly common. Our study suggests that CWs used were probably a combination of sulphur mustard and organophosphate nerve agents. Results also indicate that the prevalence of acute and chronic health problems following exposure to CW agents appear to be higher in children compared with reported data in adults.

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mentioning

confidence: 86%

Long-term health effects of chemical warfare agents on children following a single heavy exposure

Talabani

Ali²,

Kadir

et al. 2017

Hum Exp Toxicol

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“…Dendritic degeneration seen in this model of DFP-induced seizures is similar to neurodegeneration of pyramidal neurons in CA1 hippocampal area in mouse models of kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity (Zaja-Milatovic et al, 2008) and activated innate immunity (Milatovic et al, 2003 OPIDN has been attributable to inhibition of neuropathy target esterase (NTE), rather than AChE, as inhibition of AChE is not necessary for the development of OPIDN (Pope et al, 1993;Wu and Casida, 1996;Jamal, 1997). Hence, since nerve agents target AChE much more than NTE (Gordon et al, 1983), the degree to which OPIDN would emerge as a significant consequence of nerve agent exposure alone is questionable; rather, doses that could potentially lead to OPIDN would, as a practical matter, cause lethal acute anti-AChE effects first. As a practical matter, unlike many other OPs, VX has not been shown to induce OPIDN and is reported to be at least 1,000 times less effective than sarin in inhibiting NTE (Gordon et al, 1983).…”

Section: Organophosphate-induced Delayed Neuropathymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Hence, since nerve agents target AChE much more than NTE (Gordon et al, 1983), the degree to which OPIDN would emerge as a significant consequence of nerve agent exposure alone is questionable; rather, doses that could potentially lead to OPIDN would, as a practical matter, cause lethal acute anti-AChE effects first. As a practical matter, unlike many other OPs, VX has not been shown to induce OPIDN and is reported to be at least 1,000 times less effective than sarin in inhibiting NTE (Gordon et al, 1983). However, several therapies, such as the anticonvulsant agent diazepam, that are used to minimize or prevent injury to the central nervous effects of nerve agents have less significant effects in the periphery; specifically, they have no effect on the targeting of NTE at peripheral sites.…”

Section: Organophosphate-induced Delayed Neuropathymentioning

confidence: 98%

Neuropathologic Effects of Chemical Warfare Agents

Woltjer¹

2015

Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents

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“…OPinduced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) is unlikely to occur except at doses greatly exceeding the median lethal dose (LD50) (13,80,(89)(90)(91) (1,80). These agents have been used by terrorists on civilian populations in Japan, and there was an accidental release of VX in a remote area of the United States.…”

Section: Ch2-ch2-ci S Ch2-ch2-cimentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazards of chemical weapons release during war: new perspectives.

Reutter

1999

Environ Health Perspect

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The two major threat classes of chemical weapons are mustard gas and the nerve agents, and this has not changed in over 50 years. Both types are commonly called gases, but they are actually liquids that are not re ly voatile. These agents were designed specifically to harm people by any route of exposure and to be effective at low doses. Mustard gas was used in World War I, and the nerve agents were developed shortly before, during, and after World War II. Our perception of the potency of chemical weapons has changed, as well as our concern over potential effects of prolonged exposures to low doses and potential target populations that indude women and cildren. Many of the toxicologic studies and human toxicity esmates for both mustard and nerve agents were designed for the purpose of quickly developing maximal casualties in the least sensitive male soldier. The 'toxcity" of the chemical weapons has not changed, but our perception of 'toxicity" has.

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The delayed neuropathic effects of nerve agents and some other organophosphorus compounds

Cited by 72 publications

References 12 publications

Long-term health effects of chemical warfare agents on children following a single heavy exposure

Long-term health effects of chemical warfare agents on children following a single heavy exposure

Neuropathologic Effects of Chemical Warfare Agents

Hazards of chemical weapons release during war: new perspectives.

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