During the late 19 th century, Italian immigrant settlement in Wales took the form of 'chain' and 'clustered' migration, based on village of origin-centered networks of extended family members. The original migrants reliance on transnationalist family support networks endured and evolved through descendant generations. Endogamous family formation and the progression of life cycle care exchanges served as key drivers of migration between Wales and Italy. Many families established catering businesses in Wales that relied on staff recruitment from kin in Italy. Migrants' heritage and affective anchorage to Italy were maintained through 'circular' and 'return' migration premised on endogamy and shared language, which involved unimpeded border crossing except during World War II when many Welsh-Italians experienced alien internment. In recent decades, despite a decline in endogamous marriage, transnational family interaction has continued on the basis of the ease of European Union cross-border mobility. Changing modes and motives for cyclical and return migration encompass new forms of reproductive, professional and retirement migration.