The dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural efficiently catalyzed by acidic ion-exchange resin in ionic liquid

The excellent performance of amorphous Cr2O3, SnO2, SrO and graphene oxide–ferric oxide in glucose conversion into 5-HMF

“…Glucose, fructose and sucrose can be converted into 5-HMF [5][6][7]. For the conversion reaction, Brønsted acid [8], such as strong acid cation exchange resins [9,10], zeolites [11,12] and mineral acids [13], displayed high activity in the dehydration of fructose to 5-HMF but low activity in the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF. In order to promote the isomerization of glucose into fructose, metal chlorides were introduced to catalyze the conversion of glucose into 5-HMF [14][15][16][17].…”

Functionalized silica nanoparticles for conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

“…[37][38][39] However, from the viewpoint of environmental and sustainable, aqueous systems are more attracting as solvents for 5-HMF production. Unfortunately, the dehydration of fructose in aqueous media suffers from low 5-HMF yield and selectivity, mainly due to the formation of levulinic acid and formic acid from the rehydration of 5-HMF as well as polymeric by-products, such as humins.…”

Progress in the Development of Mesoporous Solid Acid and Base Catalysts for Converting Carbohydrates into Platform Chemicals

“…Han et al [ 54 ] reported on one such study which explored the effects of porosity and acid strength in ionic liquid solvent by employing three different types of ion-exchange resin: a macroporous strong-acid resin, a macroporous weak-acid resin, and a gel strong-acid resin.…”