The Defiant Border

Leake, Elisabeth

doi:10.1017/9781316421932

Cited by 33 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…46 Martin J. Bayly, Taming the imperial imagination: colonial knowledge, international relations, and the Anglo-Afghan encounter, 1808-1878 (Cambridge, 2016), pp. 82,90,190,193; Martin J. Bayly, 'The "re-turn" to empire in IR: colonial knowledge communities and the construction of the idea of the Afghan polity, 1809-1938', Review of International Studies, 40 (2014), pp. 443-64.…”

Section: IIImentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They rejected both Muslim League and Indian National Congress representational claims and instead forced colonial administrators to take local views into account. 76 Because of indirect rule in the region, 'tribal' Pashtuns were positioned to negotiate their political future, not merely accept wrangling in Delhi and London. Instead, according to the independence bill that resulted in the partition of India and Pakistan, British officials acknowledged that 'agreements with the tribes of the North West Frontier of India will have to be negotiated by the appropriate successor authority'.…”

Section: IIImentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pakistan, in turn, argued that Pashtuns could be, and were, an ethnic and tribal minority within the state of Pakistan and thus an internal issue. 82 The failed demand for Pashtunistan pointed to the fact that in an era where the nation-state became the standard unit of national and international politics, 'Indigenous participants had to concede that theirs was not a right of secession nor a demand for full independence; and states had to admit that indigenous peoples existed…and were owed protection and reparation.' 83 Thus, the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, while acknowledging the human rights of Indigenous peoples across the globe, did not concede the right to political self-government.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Construction of ‘Tribe’ as a Socio-Political Unit in Global History

Leake

2024

Hist. J.

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This article explores the construction of ‘tribe’ as a socio-political unit of global history, revealing an evolution of ideas and practices, both of which actively sought to limit, by co-opting, the opportunities and agency of Indigenous groups. The category of ‘tribe’ was, and is, co-constitutive of Euro-American empire. Euro-American empires created two interlinked dynamics in the social history of the ‘tribe’. One was external, a process of categorization to facilitate and effect conquest and integration. The other was internal, a process of reimagining social relationships through which locals adapted to the threats and opportunities of empire. By mapping British approaches to ethnic Pashtuns and the state of Afghanistan onto imperial engagement with ‘tribal’ communities worldwide – and highlighting both similarities and differences with the North American examples more prominent in the existing literature – global patterns of ‘tribalism’, as defined by Euro-Americans, become apparent. The article illustrates some – but certainly not all – of the impacts of being labelled ‘tribal’ while demonstrating ways that areas and societies seemingly peripheral to each other became interconnected because of shared Euro-American terminology and practice.

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Section: IIImentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: IIImentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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The Construction of ‘Tribe’ as a Socio-Political Unit in Global History

Leake

2024

Hist. J.

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“…Across the empire, British colonial authorities routinely suppressed dissent through coercive laws and direct force (Dwyer and Nettelbeck, 2018). In India, particularly the northwest regions, which included Quetta, the intensive use of summary violence in response to civil disturbances—even those that existed largely in officials' imaginations—was routine (Marsden and Hopkins, 2011; Leake, 2016; Condos, 2017).…”

Section: Repression After Quettamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovering the status quo: tipping points and earthquake aftermaths in colonial India

Haines

2023

Disasters

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Scholars of disaster politics debate how far natural hazards cause or catalyse political change. This paper builds on recent scholarship on tipping points and social contracts to argue that two case studies of historical earthquakes in 1930s British‐colonised India invite a focus on the dynamics of cooperation and conflict between state and non‐state actors. Officials of the colonial state and its nationalist rivals cooperated after one earthquake even though they otherwise bitterly opposed each other. Cooperation broke down after the second event, just one year later. Yet, in both cases, officials and nationalist leaders shared a broad vision for Indian society, which pushed both sides actively to seek to recover the social and economic status quo ante, preventing potential tipping points from crystallising. These case studies reveal how and why highly fraught social contracts can survive major disasters. The colonial state's transient and reactive approach to disaster governance continued to impact on post‐independence India.

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“…State-making in the frontiers in turn is a result of the specificity of the geography, whether it was in the northeast frontier, northwest or the Himalayan borderlands. In the study of the northwest frontier, Elizabeth Leake argues that even as discussion about colonial India's future was taking place after the Second World War, India's frontiers mattered for imperial defence as British policymakers were concerned with Soviet expansion, nationalist unrest and imperial security at hand (Leake, 2017). According to Leake, India's northwest frontier tribal area become a matter of central concern for the British policymakers in India.…”

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confidence: 99%

Imagining Frontier Spaces: The Frontier Tribal Areas in Imperial Defence in the Northeast of British India

Jamir

2023

India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs

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This article concerns the northeast frontier of British India during the last years of British rule. It explores how the conundrums of the Second World War led to the reconfiguration of the northeast frontier as a strategic space in the empire’s geopolitics. This reconfiguration was pushed by contestation over the frontier spaces by different powers—threatened by the Japanese during the Second World War and, later, the possible post-war reification of Chinese and Tibetan expansionist policy towards India’s northeast frontier and the impending Indian independence. The colonial state’s strategic interest led the frontier officials to reimagine the northeast frontier, whereby the region and its local populations came to be regarded as integral to the preservation of the colonial state’s dominance.

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The Defiant Border

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

The Construction of ‘Tribe’ as a Socio-Political Unit in Global History

The Construction of ‘Tribe’ as a Socio-Political Unit in Global History

Recovering the status quo: tipping points and earthquake aftermaths in colonial India

Imagining Frontier Spaces: The Frontier Tribal Areas in Imperial Defence in the Northeast of British India

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