The defensive role of nonspecific lipid-transfer proteins in plants

Garcı́a-Olmedo, Francisco; Molina, Antonio; Segura, Ana; Moreno, M. L.

doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(00)88879-4

Cited by 329 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…All plant LTPs tested, including those from barley and maize, have antimicrobial activity although the relative activities of different LTPs vary between organisms (Garcia- Olmedo et al, 1995). This pathogen defence role is consistent with the in vivo location of the proteins.…”

Section: Functional Significancementioning

confidence: 70%

Homology modelling and molecular dynamics aided analysis of ligand complexes demonstrates functional properties of lipid‐transfer proteins encoded by the barley low‐temperature‐inducible gene family, blt4

Keresztessy

Hughes

1998

The Plant Journal

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SummaryThe homology modelling technique was used to predict the tertiary structures of three members of the lowtemperature-inducible barley vegetative shoot epidermal lipid-transfer protein (LTP) family, BLT4, on the basis of the X-ray crystallographically determined three-dimensional structure of a maize seedling LTP. Differences between the maize LTP and the BLT4 family include amino acid substitutions around the entrance and inside the predicted hydrophobic binding tunnels of these proteins. Because of the deletion of the loop region corresponding to Val60-Gly62 of the maize LTP from all three BLT4 LTPs, their internal hydrophobic tunnels are longer. Molecular dynamics modelling shows that BLT4.9 can accommodate hexadecanoic acid in its binding tunnel in similar conformation to the maize LTP. However, modelled cis,cis-9,12-octadecandienoic acid had a more favourable interaction with the BLT4.9 LTP than with the maize protein. Di-cis,cis-9,12-octadecandienoyl phosphatidylglycerol and di-cis,cis-9,12-octadecandienoyl phosphatidylcholine were modelled in the BLT4.9 structure with the fatty acyl group at position 1 embedded in the binding tunnel and the group at position 2 located on the solvent accessible surface of the protein. The results of the modelling suggest that the phospholipid headgroup can form hydrogen and salt bridges with polar and charged residues outside the binding tunnel and the exposed hydrocarbon chain interacts with hydrophobic amino acids on the surface. These results are consistent with the proposal that BLT4 LTPs have a lipid-transfer function associated with frost acclimation in barley.

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Section: Functional Significancementioning

confidence: 70%

Homology modelling and molecular dynamics aided analysis of ligand complexes demonstrates functional properties of lipid‐transfer proteins encoded by the barley low‐temperature‐inducible gene family, blt4

Keresztessy

Hughes

1998

The Plant Journal

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“…The antimicrobial action of nsLTPs has also been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo (Cammue et al, 1995). Also, fungal (Garcia-Olmedo et al, 1995) and viral infection (Sohal et al, 1999) induces the expression of nsLTP genes. Such an antipathogenic role could also be envisaged in potato, particularly as it is known that potato produces a range of different prophylactic defense proteins in tubers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression Analysis of a Family ofnsLTPGenes Tissue Specifically Expressed throughout the Plant and during Potato Tuber Life Cycle

et al. 2002

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Non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are capable of binding lipid compounds in plant tissues and are coded by the nsLTP genes. Here, we present the analysis of expression of a family of potato (Solanum tuberosum) nsLTP genes that express throughout the developing plant in a highly tissue-specific manner. Three transcript-derived fragments were isolated using an amplified restriction fragment polymorphism-derived technique for RNA fingerprinting that show homology to plant nsLTP genes. These transcript-derived fragments displayed modulated expression profiles related to the development of new tissues, with a peak of transcription around the time of tuberization and just prior to sprout development, at dormancy breakage. In addition, a homologous family of expressed sequence tags was identified whose individual members could be classified according to their tissue specificity. Two subgroups of expressed sequence tags were found to express during tuber life cycle. To study the regulation of potato nsLTP genes, two putative potato nsLTP promoters were isolated and their expression was studied using promoter-marker-gene fusions. The results showed that one of the two promoters directed a highly specific pattern of expression detected in the phloem surrounding the nodes of young plants and in the same tissue of tuber related organs, whereas the second putative promoter showed little tissue or organ specificity. This difference in expression is likely due to a 331-bp insertion present in the tissue-specific promoter.The potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber life cycle is a complex multistage process involving stolon formation, tuber initiation, tuber filling, dormancy, and sprouting (Cutter, 1978). Potato tubers constitute underground stems that have undergone a series of morphological changes. Depending on the environmental conditions and the genotype, the potato plant forms stolons at the base of the stem that, after a period of rapid longitudinal growth, swell at their tips initiating tuberization. The onset of tuberization is accompanied by a burst of cell division, and reorientation of the cytoskeleton occurs (Sanz et al., 1996). The morphological differentiation during tuberization is further characterized by a variety of biochemical changes, such as the accumulation of starch and the appearance of new proteins. At tuberization, suppression of growth is imposed on the axillary buds (eyes) of developing tubers leading into dormancy, at the end of which cell division is initiated in the eyes of the tuber, giving rise to sprout development.Each stage of tuber life cycle is likely to be controlled by a large set of interacting genes throughout the plant. Studies of gene expression using an amplified restriction fragment polymorphism-derived technique for RNA fingerprinting (cDNA-AFLP) during tuber life cycle show that many genes display differential expression and that these can be categorized into groups according to their putative function. The major processes that have been identified during tuber life cycle a...

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“…Little information concerning possible mecha-*Corresponding author. Fax (34) (4) 464-8500 nisms of action are available for the more recently described plant peptide families, such as the so-called lipid transfer proteins (LTP), which are extracellular peptides involved in plant defense against pathogens [10][11][12], and the DL1 and DL2 families of antipathogenic peptides, which may be phylogenetically related to each other and share some common features with snake-venom desintegrins [ [13], M. Moreno et al, in preparation]. From the structural point of view, LTP2 from barley is known to contain 90 amino acid residues, with a positive charge/mass ratio of 0.9 X 10~3 [10], while no equivalent data are available for the DL1 and DL2 peptides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of five types of antipathogenic plant peptides on model membranes

Caaveiro

Molina²,

González-Mañas

et al. 1997

FEBS Letters

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The effects of five antipathogenic plant peptides, wheat a-thionin, potato PTH1 defensin, barley LTP2 lipid transfer protein, and potato tuber DL1 and DL2 defensins, have been tested against phospholipid vesicles (liposomes). Wheat thionin very actively induces aggregation and leakage of negatively charged vesicles. LTP2 displays the same activities, although to a limited extent. Under certain conditions PTH1 and DL2 induce vesicle aggregation, but not leakage. Potato defensin DL1 failed to show any effect on liposomes. The same peptides have been assayed against a plant pathogenic bacterium, both the membrane-active and -inactive compounds having efficient antibacterial action.

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The defensive role of nonspecific lipid-transfer proteins in plants

Cited by 329 publications

References 19 publications

Homology modelling and molecular dynamics aided analysis of ligand complexes demonstrates functional properties of lipid‐transfer proteins encoded by the barley low‐temperature‐inducible gene family, blt4

Homology modelling and molecular dynamics aided analysis of ligand complexes demonstrates functional properties of lipid‐transfer proteins encoded by the barley low‐temperature‐inducible gene family, blt4

Expression Analysis of a Family ofnsLTPGenes Tissue Specifically Expressed throughout the Plant and during Potato Tuber Life Cycle

Differential effects of five types of antipathogenic plant peptides on model membranes

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