The defense substance allicin from garlic permeabilizes membranes of Beta vulgaris, Rhoeo discolor, Chara corallina and artificial lipid bilayers

Gruhlke, Martin C. H.; Hemmis, Birgit; Noll, Ulrike; Wagner, Richard; Lühring, Hinrich; Slusarenko, Alan

doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.020

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Allicin is able to inhibit many cysteine-containing enzymes [15] and if some mitochondrial reductases were targets of allicin, inhibition might lead to less MTT-reduction, although the cells are still viable. Alternative viability assays based on membrane-permeability (e.g., propidium-iodide) are also problematic since allicin is membrane active and forms transient pores in membranes [38]. Nevertheless, allicin treatment decreased MTT-reduction in all tested cell lines in a dose-dependent manner and, given the proviso outlined above, may be taken to indicate that allicin reduced cell viability [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Allicin, a Reactive Sulfur Species from Garlic, on a Selection of Mammalian Cell Lines

et al. 2016

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Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been used as a spice and medicinal plant since ancient times. Garlic produces the thiol-reactive defence substance, allicin, upon wounding. The effects of allicin on human lung epithelium carcinoma (A549), mouse fibroblast (3T3), human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC), human colon carcinoma (HT29) and human breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines were tested. To estimate toxic effects of allicin, we used a standard MTT-test (methylthiazoltetrazolium) for cell viability and 3H-thymidine incorporation for cell proliferation. The glutathione pool was measured using monobromobimane and the formation of reactive species was identified using 2′,7′-dichlorofluoresceine-diacetate. The YO-PRO-1 iodide staining procedure was used to estimate apoptosis. Allicin reduced cell viability and cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner. In the bimane test, it was observed that cells treated with allicin showed reduced fluorescence, suggesting glutathione oxidation. The cell lines tested differed in sensitivity to allicin in regard to viability, cell proliferation and glutathione oxidation. The 3T3 and MCF-7 cells showed a higher proportion of apoptosis compared to the other cell types. These data show that mammalian cell lines differ in their sensitivity and responses to allicin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Garlic juice was diluted 1:10 with HPLC-grade water and 1 mL was mixed with 1.5 mL of a 0.05 mg·mL −1 solution (in methanol) of butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (internal standard). To protect the column, this mixture was first filtered using a 2 µm sterile-filter fitted to a syringe [38]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Allicin, a Reactive Sulfur Species from Garlic, on a Selection of Mammalian Cell Lines

et al. 2016

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“…This argument of bioavailability needs to be taken seriously, yet some of these compounds, such as allicin, seem to diffuse readily across membranes, whilst others, such as ergothioneine, actually feature their own transporter in some human cells, which turns them into relevant, readily available and, above all, also selective endogenous RSS to consider for human consumption [100,104]. In any case, the sulfur we consume orally at some stage ends up in the gastrointestinal tract, and even if some species cannot cross into the blood stream, they can still direct an impressive and diverse orchestra of gut bacteria.…”

Section: Food For Thoughtmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Reactive Sulfur Species Concept: 15 Years On

et al. 2017

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Fifteen years ago, in 2001, the concept of “Reactive Sulfur Species” or RSS was advocated as a working hypothesis. Since then various organic as well as inorganic RSS have attracted considerable interest and stimulated many new and often unexpected avenues in research and product development. During this time, it has become apparent that molecules with sulfur-containing functional groups are not just the passive “victims” of oxidative stress or simple conveyors of signals in cells, but can also be stressors in their own right, with pivotal roles in cellular function and homeostasis. Many “exotic” sulfur-based compounds, often of natural origin, have entered the fray in the context of nutrition, ageing, chemoprevention and therapy. In parallel, the field of inorganic RSS has come to the forefront of research, with short-lived yet metabolically important intermediates, such as various sulfur-nitrogen species and polysulfides (Sx2−), playing important roles. Between 2003 and 2005 several breath-taking discoveries emerged characterising unusual sulfur redox states in biology, and since then the truly unique role of sulfur-dependent redox systems has become apparent. Following these discoveries, over the last decade a “hunt” and, more recently, mining for such modifications has begun—and still continues—often in conjunction with new, innovative and complex labelling and analytical methods to capture the (entire) sulfur “redoxome”. A key distinction for RSS is that, unlike oxygen or nitrogen, sulfur not only forms a plethora of specific reactive species, but sulfur also targets itself, as sulfur containing molecules, i.e., peptides, proteins and enzymes, preferentially react with RSS. Not surprisingly, today this sulfur-centred redox signalling and control inside the living cell is a burning issue, which has moved on from the predominantly thiol/disulfide biochemistry of the past to a complex labyrinth of interacting signalling and control pathways which involve various sulfur oxidation states, sulfur species and reactions. RSS are omnipresent and, in some instances, are even considered as the true bearers of redox control, perhaps being more important than the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) or Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) which for decades have dominated the redox field. In other(s) words, in 2017, sulfur redox is “on the rise”, and the idea of RSS resonates throughout the Life Sciences. Still, the RSS story isn’t over yet. Many RSS are at the heart of “mistaken identities” which urgently require clarification and may even provide the foundations for further scientific revolutions in the years to come. In light of these developments, it is therefore the perfect time to revisit the original hypotheses, to select highlights in the field and to question and eventually update our concept of “Reactive Sulfur Species”.

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“…Thus, the loss of function of essential metabolic enzymes, protein misfolding, and protein aggregation have been connected to allicin treatment . Allicin was further reported to disturb quorum sensing systems and to eradicate bacterial biofilms . Furthermore, allicin‐induced permeabilization of plant cell membranes, tonoplasts, and artificial lipid‐bilayers, caused by transient pore formation, was reported .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This global impact of allicin on physiology results in a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against fungi, bacteria, and protozoa, but also affects human cell physiology in a dose‐dependent manner . In times of multidrug‐resistant pathogens spreading worldwide, the unexploited multifaceted mode of action renders allicin and allicin‐derivatives promising candidates for combating currently untreatable pathogens …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecies Comparison of the Bacterial Response to Allicin Reveals Species‐Specific Defense Strategies

et al. 2019

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Allicin, a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial agent from garlic, disrupts thiol and redox homeostasis, proteostasis, and cell membrane integrity. Since medicine demands antimicrobials with so far unexploited mechanisms, allicin is a promising lead structure. While progress is being made in unraveling its mode of action, little is known on bacterial adaptation strategies. Some isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli withstand exposure to high allicin concentrations due to as yet unknown mechanisms. To elucidate resistance and sensitivity‐conferring cellular processes, the acute proteomic responses of a resistant P. aeruginosa strain and the sensitive species Bacillus subtilis are compared to the published proteomic response of E. coli to allicin treatment. The cellular defense strategies share functional features: proteins involved in translation and maintenance of protein quality, redox homeostasis, and cell envelope modification are upregulated. In both Gram‐negative species, protein synthesis of the majority of proteins is downregulated while the Gram‐positive B. subtilis responded by upregulation of multiple regulons. A comparison of the B. subtilis proteomic response to a library of responses to antibiotic treatment reveals 30 proteins specifically upregulated by allicin. Upregulated oxidative stress proteins are shared with nitrofurantoin and diamide. Microscopy‐based assays further indicate that in B. subtilis cell wall integrity is impaired.

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The defense substance allicin from garlic permeabilizes membranes of Beta vulgaris, Rhoeo discolor, Chara corallina and artificial lipid bilayers

Cited by 30 publications

References 50 publications

The Effects of Allicin, a Reactive Sulfur Species from Garlic, on a Selection of Mammalian Cell Lines

The Effects of Allicin, a Reactive Sulfur Species from Garlic, on a Selection of Mammalian Cell Lines

The Reactive Sulfur Species Concept: 15 Years On

Interspecies Comparison of the Bacterial Response to Allicin Reveals Species‐Specific Defense Strategies

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