The deep conservation of the Lepidoptera Z chromosome suggests a non-canonical origin of the W

Fraïssé, Christelle; Picard, Marion; Vicoso, Beatriz

doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01663-5

Cited by 102 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…With the split between the Yponomeutoidea (including DBM) and the Apodytrisia [containing B. mori as well as all other lepidopteran species in which Masc homologues have been functionally characterized (Fukui et al ., , Lee et al ., )] estimated at c . 140 mya (Mitter et al ., ), our finding that PxyMasc is Z‐linked and therefore syntenic with B. mori Masc confirms the deep conservation of this chromosome across the Lepidoptera (Fraisse et al ., ). Further work will seek to explore whether the upstream components of the sex‐determination cascade (of which only one example – Fem – has currently been identified in lepidopterans), which probably control the levels of PxyMasc in female DBM early in embryonic development, are equally conserved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Identification and characterization of a Masculinizer homologue in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

Harvey‐Samuel

Norman

Carter

et al. 2019

Insect Molecular Biology

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Recently, a novel sex‐determination system was identified in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) in which a piwi‐interacting RNA (piRNA) encoded on the female‐specific W chromosome silences a Z‐linked gene (Masculinizer) that would otherwise initiate male sex‐determination and dosage compensation. Masculinizer provides various opportunities for developing improved genetic pest management tools. A pest lepidopteran in which a genetic pest management system has been developed, but which would benefit greatly from such improved designs, is the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. However, Masculinizer has not yet been identified in this species. Here, focusing on the previously described ‘masculinizing’ domain of B. mori Masculinizer, we identify P. xylostella Masculinizer (PxyMasc). We show that PxyMasc is Z‐linked, regulates sex‐specific alternative splicing of doublesex and is necessary for male survival. Similar results in B. mori suggest this survival effect is possibly through failure to initiate male dosage compensation. The highly conserved function and location of this gene between these two distantly related lepidopterans suggests a deep role for Masculinizer in the sex‐determination systems of the Lepidoptera.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Identification and characterization of a Masculinizer homologue in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

Harvey‐Samuel

Norman

Carter

et al. 2019

Insect Molecular Biology

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“…Three datasets: autosomal, Z-linked and mitochondrial proteins, were used to construct phylogenetic trees. Strong conservation of gene content was reported for Lepidoptera Z chromosome (106). Therefore, we considered exons to be Z-linked if their best TBLASTN (102) hits were on Heliconius erato Z chromosome, and a gene to be Z-linked if more than 80% of its exons were Z-linked.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysis Of Usc Butterfliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomics of a complete butterfly continent

Zhang

Cong

Shen

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Never before have we had the luxury of choosing a continent, picking a large phylogenetic group of animals, and obtaining genomic data for its every species. Here, we sequence all 845 species of butterflies recorded from North America north of Mexico. Our comprehensive approach reveals the pattern of diversification and adaptation occurring in this phylogenetic lineage as it has spread over the continent, which cannot be seen on a sample of selected species. We observe bursts of diversification that generated taxonomic ranks: subfamily, tribe, subtribe, genus, and species. The older burst around 70 Mya resulted in the butterfly subfamilies, with the major evolutionary inventions being unique phenotypic traits shaped by high positive selection and gene duplications. The recent burst around 5 Mya is caused by explosive radiation in diverse butterfly groups associated with diversification in transcription and mRNA regulation, morphogenesis, and mate selection. Rapid radiation correlates with more frequent introgression of speciation-promoting and beneficial genes among radiating species. Radiation and extinction patterns over the last 100 million years suggest the following general model of animal evolution. A population spreads over the land, adapts to various conditions through mutations, and diversifies into several species. Occasional hybridization between these species results in accumulation of beneficial alleles in one, which eventually survives, while others become extinct. Not only butterflies, but also the hominids may have followed this path.Butterflies are among the most beloved animals , beautiful and harmless, they have attracted human attention since prehistoric times (1). Being one of the best-studied insects phenotypically (2), butterflies remain largely unexplored by genomics. Until recently, genomic studies of butterflies were confined to a couple of model organisms and pests, such as Heliconius, monarch, and cabbage white, with initial studies leading to groundbreaking insights into mimicry, migration, and toxin resistance (3-5). We have been expanding these efforts on butterfly genomics to cover a broader range of species (6-11). With the rapid decrease in the price of DNA sequencing and the constant development of analytical methods, the time is ripe to sequence the genomes of all butterfly species over a continent.

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“…High conservation of gene content has been reported in Lepidoptera Z chromosome (Fraisse et al 2017), and therefore we can deduce the Z-linked genes in other species by comparing to Heliconius melpomene reference genome, where Z chromosome sequence was known (Heliconius Genome Consortium 2012). We identified the Z-linked transcripts in each of the 25 cases using a reciprocal best hit approach.…”

Section: Detecting Z-linked Transcriptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic determinants of speciation

Cong

Zhang

Grishin

2019

Preprint

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Studies of life rely on classifying organisms into species. However, since Darwin, there is no agreement about how to separate species from varieties. Contrary to a frequent belief, quantitative standards for species delineation are lacking and overdue, and debates about species delimitation create obstacles for conservation biology, agriculture, legislation, and education. To tackle this key biological question, we have chosen butterflies as model organisms. We sequenced and analyzed transcriptomes of 188 specimens representing pairs of close but clearly distinct species, populations, and taxa that are debated among experts. We find that species are robustly separated from populations by the combination of two measures computed on Z-linked genes: fixation index that detects hiatus between species, and the extent of gene flow that quantifies reproductive isolation. These criteria suggest that all 9 butterfly pairs that caused experts' disagreement are distinct species, not populations. When applied to Homo, our criteria agree that all modern humans are the same species distinct from Neanderthals, suggesting relevance of this study beyond butterflies. Furthermore, we found that proteins involved in interactions with DNA (including proteins encoded by trans-regulatory elements), circadian clock, pheromone sensing, development, and immune response recurrently correlate with speciation. A significant fraction of these proteins is encoded by the Z-chromosome, which appears to be resistant to introgression. Taken together, we find common speciation mechanisms in butterflies, reveal the central role of Zchromosome in speciation, and suggest quantitative criteria for species delimitation using genomic data, which is vital for the exploration of biodiversity.

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The deep conservation of the Lepidoptera Z chromosome suggests a non-canonical origin of the W

Cited by 102 publications

References 44 publications

Identification and characterization of a Masculinizer homologue in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

Identification and characterization of a Masculinizer homologue in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

Genomics of a complete butterfly continent

Genomic determinants of speciation

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