The Decline of Violence in the West: From Cultural to Post-Cultural History

Everyday Crime, Criminal Justice and Gender in Early Modern Bologna

“…Under papal rule factional identities (Republican and Oligarchic) that had dominated the late-communal period continued to divide Bologna's nobility.179 Many of the edicts issued throughout the seventeenth century therefore aimed to curb the 179 Ibidem,31,38. nobility's independence, power and violence in the city of Bologna and its rural hinterlands. 180 There is important evidence that Bologna's factitious local nobility had indeed been pacified by the turn of the eighteenth century. Angelozzi and Casanova attributed this 'disciplining' of the nobility to a programme of re-education in enlightenment values and a new chivalric code that emphasised courtly civility over violent revenge as the defining trait of the nobleman.181 Others, however, contended that the Bolognese nobility were not so much civilised or re-educated, as that the more violent ones were prosecuted and banished to beyond the borders of the Papal States.182 This culminated in the expulsion of a large swathe of the local nobility in 1664.…”

Violence and the Politics of Everyday Life

“…Under papal rule factional identities (Republican and Oligarchic) that had dominated the late-communal period continued to divide Bologna's nobility.179 Many of the edicts issued throughout the seventeenth century therefore aimed to curb the nobility's independence, power and violence in the city of Bologna and its rural hinterlands. 180 There is important evidence that Bologna's factitious local nobility had indeed been pacified by the turn of the eighteenth century. Angelozzi and Casanova attributed this 'disciplining' of the nobility to a programme of re-education in enlightenment values and a new chivalric code that emphasised courtly civility over violent revenge as the defining trait of the nobleman.181 Others, however, contended that the Bolognese nobility were not so much civilised or re-educated, as that the more violent ones were prosecuted and banished to beyond the borders of the Papal States.182 This culminated in the expulsion of a large swathe of the local nobility in 1664.…”

Toward a Global History of Homicide and Organized Murder

“…The chroniclers were especially outraged, or just astonished, at the killing of persons Here I am referring to the Dutch translation Pinker (2011), which is the one available to me. 42 Hanlon (2013). 43 Robinson at third workshop.…”