The Decline of Freedom of Expression and Social Vulnerability in Western democracy

Abstract

Freedom of expression is a fundamental part of living in a free and open society and, above all, a basic need of every human being and a requirement to attain happiness. Its absence has relevant consequences, not only for individuals but also for the whole social community. This might explain why freedom of expression was, along with other freedoms (conscience and religion; thought, belief, opinion, including that of the press and other media of communication; peaceful assembly; and association), at the core of liberal constitutionalism, and constitutes, since the Second World War, an essential element of constitutional democracies. In a democracy, people should be allowed to express themselves to others freely. The paper, which is divided into five sections, points out that states are obliged to protect the exercise of that freedom not only because its very purpose is the common good and welfare of society but also because it is a requirement of any constitutional democracy. Otherwise, when people cannot express themselves, perhaps out of fear (not from ‘war’ but from different kinds of social pressure or ‘violence’ exerted by some lobbies, mass media, or governmental policies that are at odds with respect for the plurality of opinions), vulnerability arises. This weakens not only those individuals that are not allowed to express their thoughts but also those who do not dare to do it – or even not to think for themselves – under certain environmental pressures (exerted by states, international organizations, social media, or financial groups, lobbies, etc.). In the end, the decline of freedom of expression makes most people more vulnerable and jeopardizes the whole democratic system.

The Role of Social Media in Shaping Public Opinion and Its Influence on Economic Decisions

“…The significance of public opinion in the context of a society that adheres to democratic principles cannot be overlooked (Masferrer, 2023). In a setting where vital political decisions, substantial policy changes, and the direction of social developments affecting many individuals are often decided based on the preferences of the majority, the role of public opinion becomes increasingly important (Burstein, 2003).…”

Analyzing the Development of Political Rights and Civil Liberties in Albania during the Country’s Democratic Transition: A Comparative Assessment from Freedom House Report Data

“…The limitation of a free press is characteristic only in autocratic countries, where there is a connection between these phenomena. The role of the media in ensuring transparency, particularly in political elections and government control, is significant (Masferrer, 2023).…”

Analysis of the Influence of Freedom of Expression, Access to Information, and Political Participation on the Protection of Political Rights

“…It is important to synchronize laws and regulations regarding freedom of expression in Indonesia and strengthen regulations on freedom of speech to ensure its promotion and protection [16]. The Electronic Information and Transactions (EIT) Law in Indonesia has drawn controversy as it is seen to contradict its purpose of protecting freedom of speech, leading to calls for its revision [17].…”