The dead seed coat functions as a long-term storage for active hydrolytic enzymes

Raviv, Buzi; Aghajanyan, Lusine; Granot, Gila; Makover, Vardit; Frenkel, Omer; Gutterman, Yitzchak; Grafi, Gideon

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181102

Cited by 46 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…These results mean that autophagy is involved in regulating storage material accumulation in seeds. In particular, our investigation found that most ATGs were highly expressed in the late stage of seed coat development, when the cell walls of seed coat cells experienced rapid lignification, resulting in hard and lignified seed coat tissues [36,48]. Previous studies had found that the programmed cell death caused by ricinosomes intensively occurred in the late stage of castor bean seed development (including the endosperm and seed coat tissues) [49,50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Genomic Characterization and Expressional Profiles of Autophagy-Related Genes (ATGs) in Oilseed Crop Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)

Han

Feng

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Cellular autophagy is a widely-occurring conserved process for turning over damaged organelles or recycling cytoplasmic contents in cells. Although autophagy-related genes (ATGs) have been broadly identified from many plants, little is known about the potential function of autophagy in mediating plant growth and development, particularly in recycling cytoplasmic contents during seed development and germination. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) is one of the most important inedible oilseed crops. Its mature seed has a persistent and large endosperm with a hard and lignified seed coat, and is considered a model system for studying seed biology. Here, a total of 34 RcATG genes were identified in the castor bean genome and their sequence structures were characterized. The expressional profiles of these RcATGs were examined using RNA-seq and real-time PCR in a variety of tissues. In particular, we found that most RcATGs were significantly up-regulated in the later stage of seed coat development, tightly associated with the lignification of cell wall tissues. During seed germination, the expression patterns of most RcATGs were associated with the decomposition of storage oils. Furthermore, we observed by electron microscopy that the lipid droplets were directly swallowed by the vacuoles, suggesting that autophagy directly participates in mediating the decomposition of lipid droplets via the microlipophagy pathway in germinating castor bean seeds. This study provides novel insights into understanding the potential function of autophagy in mediating seed development and germination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Genomic Characterization and Expressional Profiles of Autophagy-Related Genes (ATGs) in Oilseed Crop Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)

Han

Feng

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…Many of the identified proteins possess catalytic activity including hydrolytic activity and oxireductase activity; some of the stored proteins, such as nucleases remain active after long periods (10-50 years) of storage within DOEEs [16,20,21]. Proteins released from DOEEs include several plant defensin-like (DEFL) molecules also known as low molecular weight cysteine-rich (LCR) proteins, which are implicated in defense response to fungus [22][23][24].…”

Section: Doees Release Hundreds Of Proteins Upon Hydrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chitinase and glucanase genes were often over-expressed in plants to confer resistance against fungal pathogens [28][29][30]. The proteome data also revealed S1 type endonucleases, which are released from DOEEs upon hydration [16,20,21]. Endonucleases, in general, have been implicated in diverse cellular processes including DNA synthesis and DNA repair [31] as well as in fragmentation of genomic DNA during PCD [32][33][34].…”

Section: Doees Release Hundreds Of Proteins Upon Hydrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is commonly believed that during PCD most macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins are degraded and their constituents remobilized into other plant parts [17][18][19]. Contrary to this view, recent reports have demonstrated the capacity of DOEEs to store and maintain the integrity of hundreds of proteins, some can persist in active forms for decades, and are released to the immediate surrounding of the dispersal unit upon hydration [16,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Dead Can Nurture: Novel Insights into the Function of Dead Organs Enclosing Embryos

Raviv¹,

Godwin²,

Granot³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Plants have evolved a variety of dispersal units whereby the embryo is enclosed by various dead protective layers derived from maternal organs of the reproductive system including seed coats (integuments), pericarps (ovary wall, e.g., indehiscent dry fruits) as well as floral bracts (e.g. glumes) in grasses. Commonly, dead organs enclosing embryos (DOEEs) are assumed to provide a physical shield for embryo protection and means for dispersal in the ecosystem. In this review article, we will highlight recent studies showing that DOEEs of various species across families also have the capability for long-term storage of various substances including active proteins (hydrolases, ROS detoxifying enzymes), nutrients and metabolites that have the potential to support the embryo during storage in the soil and assist in germination and seedling establishment. We discuss a possible role for DOEEs as natural coatings capable of ‘engineering’ the seed microenvironment for the benefit of the embryo, the seedling and the growing plant.

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“…Contrary to this view, recent reports have demonstrated the capacity of DOEEs to store and maintain the integrity of hundreds of proteins; some can persist in active forms for decades, and are released to the immediate surrounding of the dispersal unit upon hydration [16,20,21]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dead Can Nurture: Novel Insights into the Function of Dead Organs Enclosing Embryos

Raviv

Godwin

Granot

et al. 2018

IJMS

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Plants have evolved a variety of dispersal units whereby the embryo is enclosed by various dead protective layers derived from maternal organs of the reproductive system including seed coats (integuments), pericarps (ovary wall, e.g., indehiscent dry fruits) as well as floral bracts (e.g., glumes) in grasses. Commonly, dead organs enclosing embryos (DOEEs) are assumed to provide a physical shield for embryo protection and means for dispersal in the ecosystem. In this review article, we highlight recent studies showing that DOEEs of various species across families also have the capability for long-term storage of various substances including active proteins (hydrolases and ROS detoxifying enzymes), nutrients and metabolites that have the potential to support the embryo during storage in the soil and assist in germination and seedling establishment. We discuss a possible role for DOEEs as natural coatings capable of “engineering” the seed microenvironment for the benefit of the embryo, the seedling and the growing plant.

show abstract

The dead seed coat functions as a long-term storage for active hydrolytic enzymes

Cited by 46 publications

References 78 publications

Genomic Characterization and Expressional Profiles of Autophagy-Related Genes (ATGs) in Oilseed Crop Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)

Genomic Characterization and Expressional Profiles of Autophagy-Related Genes (ATGs) in Oilseed Crop Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)

The Dead Can Nurture: Novel Insights into the Function of Dead Organs Enclosing Embryos

The Dead Can Nurture: Novel Insights into the Function of Dead Organs Enclosing Embryos

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