The Dating of the Upper Paleolithic Layers in Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel

Bar‐Yosef, Ofer; Arnold, Maurice; Mercier, Norbert; Belfer‐Cohen, Anna; Goldberg, Paul; Housley, R. A.; Laville, H.; Meignen, Liliane; Vogel, J. C.; Vandermeersch, Bernard

doi:10.1006/jasc.1996.0028

Cited by 82 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Dates for the MP levels of Kebara range between 45 and 65 Kyr. Kebara Units III-IV contain Initial UP assemblages dating to >44-47 Kyr (Bar-Yosef et al, 1996).…”

Section: Kebara Cavementioning

confidence: 99%

The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant

Shea

2003

Journal of World Prehistory

148

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“…Dates for the MP levels of Kebara range between 45 and 65 Kyr. Kebara Units III-IV contain Initial UP assemblages dating to >44-47 Kyr (Bar-Yosef et al, 1996).…”

Section: Kebara Cavementioning

confidence: 99%

The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant

Shea

2003

Journal of World Prehistory

148

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“…Hajdas et al 1998). Such a research project would force archaeologists to indulge in an as yet very uncommon standard of behavior: that of publishing the sections of the sites and indicating from where the samples were taken (see for example Bar-Yosef et al 1996). This kind of information, when accompanied by a report on the site's micromorphology, a study that would clarify the amount of disturbance, often of biogenic origins, would enable readers to evaluate the integrity of the so-called "archaeological context" (Courty et al 1989;Goldberg and Bar-Yosef 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Radiocarbon Dating on Old World Archaeology: Past Achievements and Future Expectations

Bar‐Yosef¹

2000

Radiocarbon

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Half a century since radiocarbon was first used in the archaeology of the Old World, it seems that the expectations of W F Libby may be becoming a reality. In 1952 (Libby 1952:97), he wrote:Archaeologists, geologists and palynologists are continually searching for the means to improve methods of counting time. The … relative chronologies lack precision and direct correlation with the calendar, except when they may be checked with, … for example, the calendar based on tree-ring counts.

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“…If a causal connection exists and the absence of archaeological occurrences relects a genuine absence of human settlement at this time, the low of information and personnel between western Europe and the Near East would have been interrupted, which is seemingly contradicted by the Israeli sites. Since, on current evidence, the Naples volcanic eruption postdates by a few centuries the earliest dates for the Aurignacian I, including those obtained for the corresponding level (IIf ) of Kebara (Bar-Yosef et al 1996;, a possible solution for the conundrum is the following: (a) by the time of emergence of the Aurignacian I, long-distance diffusion networks uniting Iberia to western Asia were still operative; (b) initially, central, eastern and southeastern Europe also participated in the process; (c) due to vast expanses of these regions having become uninhabitable shortly thereafter, as a result of the volcanic catastrophe, the number of sites left behind at this time was too small to fall above the threshold of archaeological visibility; and (d) the break with the Near East explains why its culture-stratigraphic sequence diverged from the European one after the split-based bone point plus "carinated scraper" episode (a so-called Late Ahmarian, which does not match the industrial deinitions of the Aurignacian II and III-IV of Europe, is recognised in the regional sequence after the Aurignacian I; Bar-Yosef & Belfer-Cohen 2010;see Chapter 3.3).…”

Section: The Early Phasementioning

confidence: 97%

The Upper Palaeolithic of Europe

Zilhão¹

The Cambridge World Prehistory 3 Volume Set

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the later part of the MP were lake-based, whereas, after about forty-ive thousand years ago, blade/bladelet production became predominant, if not exclusive, and remained so for thirty millennia; (b) such blade/bladelet blanks were obtained in the framework of volumetric core reduction schemes, while the Levallois method, characteristic of the MP, was entirely abandoned, even for the production of lake blanks; (c) as a result, the domestic component of retouched tool assemblages became dominated by end-scrapers and retouched blades instead of side-scrapers, notches and denticulates; (d) a component of points and barbs designed to be mounted on projectile tips and shaped to recognisable templates became readily apparent (probably in relation to the widespread adoption of complex composite tools requiring standardised blanks); and (e) implements made of bone and antler became ubiquitous at about the same time, even in those parts of the continent where wood was never in short supply, not even when climatic conditions were at their harshest. Secondly, in terms of demography, society and culture, the evidence for territoriality and identity, both individual and social, rare prior to ~45,000 years ago, became widespread thereafter and until the end of the Palaeolithic (Gamble 1983(Gamble , 1999 Vanhaeren & d'Errico 2006).After a review of current knowledge concerning the climatic and environmental background, this chapter will discuss issues of human ecology, culture and history. Given the limitations of space, the geographical and chronological coverage is of necessity imbalanced, and the emphasis will lie on describing and proposing interpretations for perceived general patterns, using speciic case studies to support the arguments, rather than on the illustration of regional or temporal particularities. The aim is to bring into focus what the UP as a whole represents in evolutionary terms by comparison with preceding times, namely where (a) technological innovation and adaptive success relate to demographic growth and social complexiication, and (b) these and related factors set a base line for the momentous developments that led to the emergence of food production in the later prehistory of Europe and the Greater Mediterranean.Throughout, calendar ages before present will be used (i.e., when relying upon radiocarbon results, after calibration; Reimer et al. 2009). The location of all sites mentioned in the text is given in Map 3.19.1, and the units of analysis are the different techno-complexes recognised in the literature (Table 3.19.1), grouped into four major phases: Transitional, The Upper Palaeolithic of EuropeEarly, Full and Final. The irst phase begins some time between ifty thousand and forty-ive thousand years ago with a period during which European Neanderthals experimented with novel technological systems in regionally diverse ways, and ends with the Protoaurignacian intrusion, which at present seems to be devoid of local roots and thus may well represent the archaeological signature of the irst wave ...

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The Dating of the Upper Paleolithic Layers in Kebara Cave, Mt Carmel

Cited by 82 publications

References 17 publications

The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant

The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant

The Impact of Radiocarbon Dating on Old World Archaeology: Past Achievements and Future Expectations

The Upper Palaeolithic of Europe

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