“…Conceptualizing problems and problem-solving Problems and problem-solving do not hold a single universal definition (Frensch and Funke, 1995) and have been systematically explored since the beginning of the 19th century, with roots in cognitive and gestalt psychology (D'zurilla and Goldfried, 1971;Dunbar and Fugelsang, 2005;Funke, 2013;Scheerer, 1963). Contemporary definitions stem from a mixture of disciplines (Frensch and Funke, 1995), including cognitive psychology (Thorndike, 1898), engineering (Woods et al, 1997), organizational learning (Edmondson, 2018), mathematics (Polya, 2004) and computer science (Newell and Simon, 1972). Regardless of context, the central meaning of problems and problem-solving do share some common denominators independent of conditions: there is a current state, there is a desired state and there is an actor who experiences disruption and lack of knowledge about potential courses of action to get from one to the other (Frensch and Funke, 1995).…”