The Dark Sides of the Brain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Functional Neuroimaging Studies on Aggression

Abstract

Background. Aggression is a worldwide issue that has significant consequences for both the victims and societies. However, aggression is an umbrella terms with subcomponents such as motivation (i.e., Reactive versus Proactive) and forms (i.e., Physical versus Verbal) which aggressive behaviors may occur. Yet, brain circuits differentiating these subcomponents remains largely unknown.Method. A systematic search strategy was conducted up to May 1st 2023, using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, to identify relevant studies. Coordinate-based meta-analysis was conducted on General Aggression, Reactive Aggression, Proactive Aggression, Physical Aggression and Verbal Aggression using spatial convergence (ALE) and effect-size (SDM-PSI) approaches.Results. Sixty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed similar yet distinct neural correlates for General Aggression (i.e., Amygdala, Precuneus, Intraparietal Sulcus, Angular and Middle Temporal Gyri), Reactive Aggression (i.e., Amygdala, Periaqueductal Grey, Posterior Insula, & Central Opercular Cortex), Proactive Aggression (i.e., Septal Area, & Amygdala), Physical Aggression (i.e., Dorsal Premotor Cortex, Dorsal Caudate, & Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex), and Verbal (i.e., Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex). Exploratory analyses revealed the importance of affective, cognitive and social cognition processes as well as serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic systems in the neural underpinnings of aggressive behaviors.Conclusion. Our findings highlight the importance of examining the subcomponents of aggression (i.e., motivation and forms) within a transdiagnostic framework. Hence, characterizing the neurobiological substrates of aggression may expand our search for targeted neuromodulation and pharmacological treatments.