The dark side of perceived positive regard: When parents’ well-intended motivation strategies increase students’ test anxiety

Otterpohl, Nantje; Lazar, Rafael; Stiensmeier‐Pelster, Joachim

doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.11.002

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…As expected and consistent with earlier research findings (Otterpohl et al, ; Pinquart, ; Soenens et al, ), there was a direct relationship between PACNR and depressive symptoms in both generations. In contrast, PACPR was related indirectly to depressive symptoms via CSE.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…High scores reflect the perception of highly conditional regarding behavior. Both the original scales and the German version showed good reliability and validity in previous studies (Otterpohl et al, ; Roth et al, ). In the present sample, Cronbach's alphas for the four scales were excellent ranging between .93 and .98.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Using an adapted short version (Otterpohl et al, ) of the Parental Conditional Regard Scale (Assor et al, ), perceived parental academic conditional regard was measured. The scale contains six items each regarding parental reactions following poor school performance of the child (PACNR, e.g., “When I get a bad grade at school, I notice that my mother shows less affection for me than usual”) and good performance (PACPR: e.g., “When I get a good grade at school, I notice that my mother is much warmer toward me than she usually is”).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Empirical evidence supports the detrimental effects of PACNR and PACPR in key domains of life (e.g., motivational, emotional, and interpersonal functioning; Assor et al, ; Assor et al, ; Assor & Tal, ; Otterpohl, Lazar, & Stiensmeier‐Pelster, ; Roth et al, ) and for different age periods (Assor et al, ). Particularly, it is likely to be harmful in adolescence because adolescents and their parents face a thorough renegotiation of the parent–child relationship (Steinberg & Morris, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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The intergenerational continuity of parental conditional regard and its role in mothers’ and adolescents’ contingent self‐esteem and depressive symptoms

et al. 2019

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Although research has documented the adverse consequences of parental academic conditional regard in different developmental periods, few studies have examined antecedents and, in particular, the possibility of intergenerational continuity of this parenting dimension. The current study aimed to identify patterns of intergenerational similarity in two types of conditional regard (i.e., positive and negative). Additionally, it examined mothers’ and adolescents’ contingent self‐esteem (CSE) and depressive symptoms as outcomes of this process. In total, 211 mothers and their 10‐ to 16‐year‐old adolescents filled out questionnaires assessing perceived conditional regard in the relationship with their own mother (i.e., grandmothers’, and mothers’ conditional positive (PACPR) and negative regard (PACNR)), contingent self‐esteem (i.e., maternal child‐invested CSE and adolescents’ academic CSE), and maternal and adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Results revealed direct intergenerational similarity for PACPR, but not for PACNR. Within generations, PACPR was related positively to CSE, which, in turn, was related positively to depressive symptoms. Moreover, PACNR was related positively to depressive symptoms. Our findings provide preliminary evidence for the intergenerational continuity of conditional regard, which has important consequences because of its relation to CSE and subsequent depressive symptoms within both generations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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The intergenerational continuity of parental conditional regard and its role in mothers’ and adolescents’ contingent self‐esteem and depressive symptoms

et al. 2019

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“…This is because research has shown that perceived parental conditional support could participate in the development of perfectionism among adolescent athletes (Curran, 2018). More generally, perceived parental conditional regard is linked with negative psychosocial outcomes such as lower levels of wellbeing, poor coping strategies, or increases in trait anxiety (Assor et al, 2004;Assor & Tal, 2012;Otterpohl et al, 2019). Therefore, an important finding of the present study is that although perceived responsiveness is not sport specific and therefore preventing of perception of conditional support, it was clearly related to participants' experiences in sport (i.e., worry).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The positive association between perceived parental responsiveness and self-esteem, anxiety, and thriving among youth rugby players: A multigroup analysis

Rouquette

Knight

Lovett

et al. 2021

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The purpose of this study was to examine the association between young players' perception of mother's and father's responsiveness with their self-esteem, anxiety (i.e., worry), and thriving (i.e., positive affect, vitality, and life satisfaction). In total, 314 male British rugby players with a mean age of 16.23 years (SD = 0.26) completed the study in two phases: n = 124 (first dataset), and n = 192 (second dataset). Participants trained on average 3.14 times/week (SD = 0.94) and had been involved in rugby for an average of 8.21 years (SD = 2.89). Participants completed questionnaires measuring perceived parental responsiveness (PPR) for their mother and father, self-esteem, worry about sport performance, and thriving indicators (i.e., positive affect, vitality, and life satisfaction). The results consistently indicated that participants' perceptions of their mother's and father's responsiveness positively related to thriving, and negatively related to their worry about sport performance, mediated by their self-esteem. Overall, the study highlights the need for parents to be provided with insights into the value of being responsive to their child and being encouraged to regularly talk with their child regarding their needs and desires, and seeking to understand how their child perceives the support they currently receive.

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Parental conditional regard: A meta‐analysis

Haines

Schutte

2022

Journal of Adolescence

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Introduction Parental conditional regard involves parents giving or withdrawing affection and approval, depending on children's and adolescents' compliance with parental expectations, to shape behaviors and traits. Research grounded in self‐determination theory suggests parental conditional regard harms psychological development. Using self‐determination theory as a theoretical foundation for investigating outcomes associated with parental conditional regard, the present study consolidated meta‐analytic associations between parental conditional regard and four theoretically important individual difference correlates: introjected self‐regulation, contingent self‐esteem, depressive symptoms, and relatedness. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted using the PsycINFO, ProQuest, and EBSCO databases for English‐language, peer‐reviewed published studies and unpublished studies. Eligible studies reported an association between parental conditional regard and the four theoretically derived correlates or another correlate of interest in pre‐adolescent children, adolescents, or young adults. The results were based on a random‐effects model for meta‐analyses and the Q statistic for moderator analyses. Results Across 31 samples in total, greater parental conditional regard was significantly associated with more introjected regulation (r = .33), contingent self‐esteem (r = .29), and level of depressive symptoms (r = .22); and less relatedness (r = −.24). Moderator results for parental conditional regard type found parental conditional regard's association with introjected regulation was significantly stronger for studies measuring giving regard (parental conditional positive regard) than withdrawing regard (parental conditional negative regard). The association of parental conditional regard with depressive symptoms was significantly stronger for studies measuring parental conditional negative regard than parental conditional positive regard. Conclusions The meta‐analytic results provide theoretical and empirical support for the connections between self‐determination and the impact of parental conditional regard.

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The dark side of perceived positive regard: When parents’ well-intended motivation strategies increase students’ test anxiety

Cited by 19 publications

References 59 publications

The intergenerational continuity of parental conditional regard and its role in mothers’ and adolescents’ contingent self‐esteem and depressive symptoms

The intergenerational continuity of parental conditional regard and its role in mothers’ and adolescents’ contingent self‐esteem and depressive symptoms

The positive association between perceived parental responsiveness and self-esteem, anxiety, and thriving among youth rugby players: A multigroup analysis

Parental conditional regard: A meta‐analysis

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