The dark side of fungal competition and resource capture in wood: Zone line spalting from science to application

Morris, Hugh; Smith, Kevin T.; Robinson, Seri C.; Göttelmann, Maximilian; Fink, Siegfried; Schwarze, Francis W. M. R.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109480

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In such a case the infections were the cause for the creation of the lateral roots. Morris et al (2021) report that the occurrence of melanins associated with wood decay by fungi involving Basidiomycota and/or Ascomycota is a wood defense mechanism, or related to a fungus undergoing highly localized chemical stress such as from copper sulphate. These authors indicate the ideal temperature, pH, oxygen, and moisture conditions for such decay.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6A , 6C , 6D , 6I , 6J ). Sclerotic tracheids (or ‘pseudosclerotial masses’ sensu Morris et al, 2021 ) associated with cambium zones were observed in several preparations ( e.g ., Schönfeld fossil collection, n o H70.1; H65; A4). Partly injured growth rings related to frost events as seen by Kłusek (2014) : Cupressinoxylon polonicum (= Chamaecyparixylon polonicum (Kräusel) Chudajberdyev, 1958 sensu Vaudois & Privé, 1971 ) were also observed (Schönfeld fossil collection, specimen A4) as well as discontinuous ring boundaries (Schönfeld fossil collection, specimen A10, Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MioceneCupressinoxylonfrom Gökçeada (Imbros), Turkey withProtophytobiacambium mining and the study of ecological signals of wood anatomy

Mantzouka

Akkemik

Güngör

2022

PeerJ

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Premise The recognition of the Miocene Climate Optimum (MCO) in terrestrial palaeoenvironments of the Eastern Mediterranean is restricted to Lesbos and Lemnos Islands, Greece. This area is significant for its wood microfossils. A recently-discovered fossil wood assemblage from Gökçeada (Imbros) Island, Turkey, including tree species similar to the Greek findings, is thought to have an early Miocene age. Here, we revise the age of the latter plant fossiliferous locality, re-evaluate the area for the study of MCO for the terrestrial palaeoecosystems of the Eastern Mediterranean and the nomenclature errors referring to the occurrence of fossil wood. We present the plant–insect–environment interactions using detailed anatomical descriptions, of an extinct conifer and its extinct cambium miner feeding traces observed in its secondary xylem. Methods Three thin sections were prepared with standard palaeoxylotomical techniques from a small section of the silicified wood; the sections were observed under a light microscope. The anatomy of the conifer and its damage patterns were compared with those of extant and fossil Cupressaceae and Agromyzidae, respectively. Pivotal results The common anatomical features of the studied wood specimen and Hesperocyparis macrocarpa (Hartw.) Bartel and a shared characteristic (the number of the cross-field pits – a feature we consider of diagnostic value) with Xanthocyparis vietnamensis Farjon & T.H. Nguyên led to its assignment to the Hesperocyparis–Xanthocyparis–Callitropsis clade. The detailed study of the wound scars and anatomical abnormalities, the anatomical–environmental associations, and structural–functional reactions follow the identification of the wood’s anatomy sensu Carlquist providing decisive results. Conclusions Based on the distinctive characteristics presented, we identify our macrofossil as Cupressinoxylon matromnense Grambast, a stem or an extinct lineage of the Hesperocyparis–Xanthocyparis vietnamensis–Callitropsis nootkatensis clade with feeding traces of the fossil cambium miner of the genus Protophytobia Süss (Diptera: Agromyzidae), and anatomical damage and reaction tissue on adventitious shoots. The use of Protopinaceae and Pinoxylon F. H. Knowlton from the eastern Mediterranean are re–evaluated and corrections are provided. The age of the studied plant fossiliferous locality in Gökçeada is revised as middle Miocene, allowing the proposal of an eastern Mediterranean MCO hotspot, including Lesbos, Lemnos, and Gökçeada (Imbros) Islands.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MioceneCupressinoxylonfrom Gökçeada (Imbros), Turkey withProtophytobiacambium mining and the study of ecological signals of wood anatomy

Mantzouka

Akkemik

Güngör

2022

PeerJ

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“…More recently, Morris et al. ( 2021 ) confirmed that extracellular eumelanin production by white rot fungi is a significant contributor to the dark striations that constitute zone-line formation in spalted wood. Investigations into the mechanisms of this phenomenon by Dullah et al.…”

Section: Extracellular Fungal Eumelanin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungi as a source of eumelanin: current understanding and prospects

Beeson

Gabriel

Cornelison

2023

Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

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Melanins represent a diverse collection of pigments with a variety of structures and functions. One class of melanin, eumelanin, is recognizable to most as the source of the dark black color found in cephalopod ink. Sepia officinalis is the most well-known and sought-after source of non-synthetic eumelanin, but its harvest is limited by the availability of cuttlefish, and its extraction from an animal source brings rise to ethical concerns. In recent years, these limitations have become more pressing as more applications for eumelanin are developed—particularly in medicine and electronics. This surge in interest in the applications of eumelanin has also fueled a rise in the interest of alternative, bio-catalyzed production methods. Many culinarily utilized fungi are ideal candidates in this production scheme, as there are examples of which have been shown to produce eumelanin, whose growth at large scales are well-understood, and can be cultivated on recaptured waste streams. However, much of the current research on fungal production of eumelanin focuses on pathogenic fungi and eumelanin's role in virulence. In this paper, we will review the potential for culinary fungi to produce eumelanin, evaluate the economic feasibility of current methods of fungal eumelanin production, and provide suggestions for new research areas that would be most impactful in the search for improved fungal eumelanin producers.

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“…Moreover, calcium oxalate in wooden components from historical buildings may be related to fungal activity [ 71 , 72 ]. As AOS was exposed to the outermost part of the wooden component, a stronger calcium oxalate signal was observed for this sample than for AIS, likely because fungal infections of wood components often proceed from external to internal regions [ 73 , 74 , 75 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Natural Aging on the Moisture Sorption Behaviour of Wooden Structural Components

Han

Xi²,

Dai³

et al. 2023

Molecules

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A greater understanding of moisture sorption behaviour of aged wooden structural components, which has a close relationship with dimensional stability, is required to effectively evaluate and preserve historical artefacts. This study focused on the effects of aging on Baotou beam samples from a Chinese historical wooden building. An analysis of the sorption isotherms and hysteresis loops of a naturally aged, decayed sample (AOS), an aged sound sample (AIS), and a reference sample (RS), using classical sorption isotherm models revealed that the moisture sorption behaviour of samples from the same growth ring in a Baotou beam can differ significantly. AOS showed higher hygroscopicity than AIS, and both these samples were more hygroscopic than RS. Furthermore, the mono/multilayer moisture contents of AOS were always higher than those of AIS and RS. In addition, Fourier transform infrared, second-derivative infrared, and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate chemical changes in the samples. The relative hemicellulose and lignin contents of the samples changed significantly with wood aging. Furthermore, AOS exhibited the highest calcium oxalate content, which may be associated with fungal infections. Overall, these results provide valuable insights into the effects of aging on wood samples and the dimensional stability of timber structures, which could inform future research on methods for the preservation or restoration of aging timber structures.

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The dark side of fungal competition and resource capture in wood: Zone line spalting from science to application

Cited by 9 publications

References 61 publications

MioceneCupressinoxylonfrom Gökçeada (Imbros), Turkey withProtophytobiacambium mining and the study of ecological signals of wood anatomy

MioceneCupressinoxylonfrom Gökçeada (Imbros), Turkey withProtophytobiacambium mining and the study of ecological signals of wood anatomy

Fungi as a source of eumelanin: current understanding and prospects

Influence of Natural Aging on the Moisture Sorption Behaviour of Wooden Structural Components

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