The Darfield (Canterbury, New Zealand) Mw 7.1 Earthquake of September 2010: A Preliminary Seismological Report

Gledhill, Ken; Ristau, John; Reyners, Martin; Fry, Bill; Holden, Caroline

doi:10.1785/gssrl.82.3.378

Cited by 133 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A dam here presents a significant hazard to the downstream developments including the city of Christchurch. Following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake > 30 landslide dams formed across a landslide affected area of > 20 000 km 2 (Gorum et al, 2011). Given the large number of catchments with suitable characteristics for landslide dam formation, an anticipated landslide-affected area similar to Wenchaun (Table 4), and that multiple landslide dams have been known to form in historic South Island earthquakes, we suggest some tens of landslide dams could form following an Alpine Fault earthquake.…”

Section: Landslide Damsmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (Mw = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Robinson

Davies

2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The Alpine Fault in New Zealand's South Island has not sustained a large magnitude earthquake since ca. AD 1717. The time since this rupture is close to the average inferred recurrence interval of the fault (∼ 300 yr). The Alpine Fault is therefore expected to generate a large magnitude earthquake in the near future. Previous ruptures of this fault are inferred to have generated M w = 8.0 or greater earthquakes and to have resulted in, amongst other geomorphic hazards, large-scale landslides and landslide dams throughout the Southern Alps. There is currently 85 % probability that the Alpine Fault will cause a M w = 8.0+ earthquake within the next 100 yr. While the seismic hazard is fairly well understood, that of the consequential geomorphic activity is less well studied, and these consequences are explored herein. They are expected to include landsliding, landslide damming, dam-break flooding, debris flows, river aggradation, liquefaction, and landslidegenerated lake/fiord tsunami. Using evidence from previous events within New Zealand as well as analogous international examples, we develop first-order estimates of the likely magnitude and possible locations of the geomorphic effects associated with earthquakes. Landsliding is expected to affect an area > 30 000 km 2 and involve > 1 billion m 3 of material. Some tens of landslide dams are expected to occur in narrow, steep-sided gorges in the affected region. Debris flows will be generated in the first long-duration rainfall after the earthquake and will continue to occur for several years as rainfall (re)mobilises landslide material. In total more than 1000 debris flows are likely to be generated at some time after the earthquake. Aggradation of up to 3 m will cover an area > 125 km 2 and is likely to occur on many West Coast alluvial fans and floodplains. The impact of these effects will be felt across the entire South Island and is likely to continue for several decades.

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Section: Landslide Damsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The 2008 M w = 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake generated > 56 000 landslides (Parker et al, 2011;Dai et al, 2011;Gorum et al, 2011) in the Longmen Shan mountains. Estimated volumes of debris range from 0.1-2×10 9 (Dai et al, 2011) to 5-15×10 9 m 3 (Parker et al, 2011).…”

Section: Debris Flowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (Mw = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Robinson

Davies

2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…the M w 6.2, 22 February 2011 rupture), often with components of oblique transpression (Quigley et al 2010;Beavan et al 2011;Gledhill et al 2011). The sequence is also likely to involve NWÁNNW-trending transpressive left-lateral faults, as observed for an aftershock lineament in the first weeks of the sequence and for the aftershocks following the 13 June 2011, M w 6.0 earthquake (Sibson et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressional reactivation of E–W inherited normal faults in the area of the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence

Ghisetti¹,

Sibson

2012

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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Earthquake ruptures of the 2010Á2011 Canterbury sequence exploit a varying mixture of optimally oriented newly formed faults and inherited discontinuities that are favourably oriented for reactivation within the prevailing tectonic stress field. Reinterpretation of subsurface data shows that the Torlesse basement is imprinted with an EÁW fault fabric inherited from Late CretaceousÁEocene rifting. The prevailing EÁW band of rupturing illuminated by seismicity lies at the southern boundary of a Late Cretaceous basin, terminating against the Banks Peninsula structural high. Analysis of a set of seismic lines in the Ashley River region (c. 30 km north of the Greendale fault) demonstrates compressional inversion of inherited high-angle EÁW normal faults and folding and detachment of the Neogene cover sequence, together with propagation of new faults through the Pliocene and Quaternary cover sequences. These structures provide an analogue to deformation in the epicentral region of the Greendale fault.

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“…Transverse belts of aftershocks extending for many kilometres across the ends of the east-striking strike-slip faults were recognised as involving synchronous reverse faulting on several interconnected structures (Gledhill et al 2011). As preliminary data became available, the consistency of aspects of this newly identified composite structure, with the characteristic structural style of known Canterbury faulting and tectonics, was evident within a few days of the 4 September 2010 Darfield earthquake sequence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Large single-event offsets relative to surface rupture length on other Canterbury faults have been noted in the palaeoseismic record . A second anomaly is that thrust focal mechanisms are associated with both the M W 7.1 and M W 6.2 triggering events beginning each cycle of aftershocks dominated by strikeslip focal mechanisms (Gledhill et al 2011;Kaiser et al 2012). Of particular note is that the Charing Cross epicentre is c. 8 km north of the Greendale Fault rupture, and the offshore New Brighton M L 5.8 and 6.0 and related thrust aftershocks is up to 10 km north of the Port Hills on 23 December 2011 (GeoNet 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tectonic and structural setting of the 4 September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake sequence, New Zealand

Campbell

Pettinga

Jongens

2012

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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Plate boundary deformation creates a south-easterly advancing, repetitive structural pattern in Canterbury dominated by the propagation of northeast-striking thrust assemblages. This pattern is regularly segmented by east-striking faults inherited from reactivated Cretaceous normal faults. The more evolved and deeply exposed structures in the foothills of north Canterbury provide insights into the tectonic processes of the blind structures now emerging from under the northern and eastern Canterbury Plains, where thrust and strike-slip fault activity are closely linked. The east-striking faults separate relative motion between thrust segments and accommodate oblique transpressive shear. Early stages of thrust emergence are dominated by anticlinal growth and blind, or partially buried, thrusts and backthrusts. The east-striking transecting faults therefore record timing of coseismic episodes of uplift and shortening with variable horizontal to vertical ratios and displacement rates on the hidden adjacent thrusts. The Greendale and blind Port Hills faults, with their associated aftershock patterns, are compatible with this style.

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The Darfield (Canterbury, New Zealand) Mw 7.1 Earthquake of September 2010: A Preliminary Seismological Report

Cited by 133 publications

References 33 publications

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Compressional reactivation of E–W inherited normal faults in the area of the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence

The tectonic and structural setting of the 4 September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake sequence, New Zealand

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The Darfield (Canterbury, New Zealand) Mw 7.1 Earthquake of September 2010: A Preliminary Seismological Report

Cited by 133 publications

References 33 publications

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Compressional reactivation of E–W inherited normal faults in the area of the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence

The tectonic and structural setting of the 4 September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake sequence, New Zealand

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Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand