The damage-associated molecular pattern cellotriose alters the phosphorylation pattern of proteins involved in cellulose synthesis and trans -Golgi trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract

We have recently demonstrated that the cellulose breakdown product cellotriose is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) which induces responses related to the integrity of the cell wall. Activation of downstream responses requires the Arabidopsis malectin domain-containing CELLOOLIGOMER RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CORK1) 1 . The cellotriose/CORK1 pathway induces immune responses, including NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/6 phosphorylation-dependent defense gene activation, and the biosynthesis of defense hormones. However, apoplastic accumulation of cell wall breakdown products should also activate cell wall repair mechanisms. We demonstrate that the phosphorylation pattern of numerous proteins involved in the accumulation of an active cellulose synthase complex in the plasma membrane and those for protein trafficking to and within the trans -Golgi network (TGN) are altered within minutes after cellotriose application to Arabidopsis roots. The phosphorylation pattern of enzymes involved in hemicellulose or pectin biosynthesis and the transcript levels for polysaccharide-synthesizing enzymes responded barely to cellotriose treatments. Our data show that the phosphorylation pattern of proteins involved in cellulose biosynthesis and trans -Golgi trafficking is an early target of the cellotriose/CORK1 pathway.

Signals and Their Perception for Remodelling, Adjustment and Repair of the Plant Cell Wall

“…CAMEL interacts and phosphorylates PIN transporters and participates in PIN1 subcellular trafficking and localization [ 213 ]. Finally, Gandhi et al [ 310 ] analysed phosphoproteome data after cellotriose application to Arabidopsis roots and identified proteins involved in cellulose biosynthesis, the cellulose synthase complex formation and its trafficking from the ER to the plasma membrane. Control of membrane trafficking to the plasma membrane is important for cell wall repair, but also release of repair/defense compounds into the apoplast, and a number of proteins involved in the vesicle flow are rapidly activated by phosphorylation [ 310 ].…”

“…Finally, Gandhi et al [ 310 ] analysed phosphoproteome data after cellotriose application to Arabidopsis roots and identified proteins involved in cellulose biosynthesis, the cellulose synthase complex formation and its trafficking from the ER to the plasma membrane. Control of membrane trafficking to the plasma membrane is important for cell wall repair, but also release of repair/defense compounds into the apoplast, and a number of proteins involved in the vesicle flow are rapidly activated by phosphorylation [ 310 ]. Likewise, BUPS1-based mechano-transduction activated the ROP1 GTPase to promote exocytosis that facilitates secretion of BUPS1’s ligands for mechanical signal amplification and cell wall rigidification in pollen tubes [ 261 ].…”

Cellooligomer/CELLOOLIGOMER RECEPTOR KINASE1 Signaling Exhibits Crosstalk with PAMP-Triggered Immune Responses and Sugar Metabolism in Arabidopsis Roots

“…Cellulose breakdown generates cellooligomers, of which those with 2–7 glucose moieties induce cytoplasmic Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] cyt ) elevation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, plasma membrane depolarization, alterations in the phosphorylation patterns of numerous proteins, and defense gene activation via MAPK3/6 signaling [ 5 , 6 , 14 , 15 ]. Among the rapidly stimulated genes which respond to cellooligomer application to Arabidopsis roots are the WRKY30 and WRKY40 transcription factors [ 5 ].…”

Synergism of vesicle trafficking and cytoskeleton during regulation of plant growth and development: A mechanistic outlook

“… [ 172 ] cellotriose / CORK1 Arabidopsis thaliana trans-Golgi An early target in the phosphorylation pattern of proteins involved in cellulose synthesis and trans-Golgi transport. [ 173 ] ESCRT-III HvSNF7 & MVBs Barley ER & Golgi To control seed storage protein buildup, which is becoming more important in health and nutrition issues [ 174 ] EXO70A1, Endosidin2 (ES2 ) Arabidopsis During normal root growth, the plant exocyst complex mediates constitutive dynamic trafficking of subsets of plasma membrane proteins. [ 175 ] ALA3 flippase Arabidopsis PM & trans-Golgi Facilitating dynamic variations of subcellular trafficking rates that modulate the delivery of cargos, including PIN auxin efflux carriers, and lipids to the PM.…”