The Dalton Minimum and John Dalton’s Auroral Observations

Silverman, S. M.; Hayakawa, Hisashi

doi:10.1051/swsc/2020082

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The other peculiar 'prolonged solar minimum' in the direct sunspot observations has been named as the Dalton Minimum after John Dalton (Dalton, 1834;Silverman and Hayakawa, 2021). Its relationship with the Maunder Minimum has been somewhat controversial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stephan Prantner’s Sunspot Observations during the Dalton Minimum

Hayakawa

Uneme

Besser

et al. 2021

ApJ

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In addition to regular Schwabe cycles (≈ 11 years), solar activity also shows longer periods of enhanced or reduced activity. Of these, reconstructions of the Dalton Minimum provide controversial sunspot group numbers and limited sunspot positions, partially due to limited source record accessibility. We analysed Stephan Prantner's sunspot observations from 1804-1844, the values of which had only been known through estimates despite their notable chronological coverage during the Dalton Minimum. We identified his original manuscript in Stiftsarchiv Wilten, near Innsbruck, Austria. We reviewed his biography (1782-1873) and located his observational sites at Wilten and Waidring, which housed the principal telescopes for his early and late observations: a 3.5-inch astronomical telescope and a Reichenbach 4-feet achromatic erecting telescope, respectively. We identified 215 days of datable sunspot observations, which are twice as much data as his estimated data in the existing database (= 115 days). Prantner counted up to 7-9 sunspot groups per day and measured sunspot positions, which show their distributions in both solar hemispheres. These results strikingly emphasise the difference between the Dalton Minimum and the Maunder Minimum as well as the similarity between the Dalton Minimum and the modern solar cycles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stephan Prantner’s Sunspot Observations during the Dalton Minimum

Hayakawa

Uneme

Besser

et al. 2021

ApJ

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“…Therefore, this great sunspot recorded in Smogulecki's account could have been responsible for the mid-latitude auroras and a plausible geomagnetic storm on 3 February 1622. It is known that the Sun can cause significant geomagnetic storms even during low solar activity (Garcia and Dryer, 1987;Hayakawa et al, 2020;Silverman and Hayakawa, 2021). As such, despite its location in the early rising phase of the solar cycle of the 1620s, this active region could be associated with a significant geomagnetic storm, as found in parallel cases.…”

Section: Sunspot Group Numbersmentioning

confidence: 98%

Analyses of Early Sunspot Records by Jean Tarde (1615 – 1617) and Jan Smogulecki (1621 – 1625)

et al. 2021

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Jean Tarde and Jan Smogulecki carried out sunspot observations in the 1610s and 1620s at the dawn of the telescopic era. We analysed their original observational records to revise their sunspot-group numbers in the existing database. In this study, we provide a new counting as a basis for future scientific discussions. Furthermore, we compared Smogulecki’s sunspot observations with those of Scheiner and Schönberger on the same observation days. We also detected a big sunspot group on 2 – 3 February 1622 in Smogulecki’s sunspot drawings and estimated its area to be approximately 1600 millionths of the solar disc. In addition, we measured the sunspot positions in Tarde’s and Smogulecki’s sunspot drawings to construct a butterfly diagram for this early period.

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“…The Dalton Minimum is a period of relatively low solar activity from 1798 -1833, which has been named after John Dalton, who noticed a significant reduction of the auroral frequency during this time (Silverman and Hayakawa, 2021). The Dalton Minimum is similar to (though with even lower cycle peak sunspot numbers) sunspot minima that began ca.…”

Section: (D) Reanalysis Of a Key Observer Improves G N Records During...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recalibration of the Sunspot-Number: Status Report

et al. 2023

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We report progress on the ongoing recalibration of the Wolf sunspot number ($S_{\mathrm{N}}$ S N ) and group-sunspot number ($G_{\mathrm{N}}$ G N ) following the release of version 2.0 of $S_{\mathrm{N}}$ S N in 2015. This report constitutes both an update of the efforts reported in the 2016 Topical Issue of Solar Physics and a summary of work by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) International Team formed in 2017 to develop optimal $S_{\mathrm{N}}$ S N and $G_{\mathrm{N}}$ G N reconstruction methods while continuing to expand the historical sunspot-number database. Significant progress has been made on the database side while more work is needed to bring the various proposed $S_{\mathrm{N}}$ S N and (primarily) $G_{\mathrm{N}}$ G N reconstruction methods closer to maturity, after which the new reconstructions (or combinations thereof) can be compared with (a) “benchmark” expectations for any normalization scheme (e.g., a general increase in observer normalization factors going back in time), and (b) independent proxy data series such as F10.7 and the daily range of variations of Earth’s undisturbed magnetic field. New versions of the underlying databases for $S_{\mathrm{N}}$ S N and $G_{\mathrm{N}}$ G N will shortly become available for years through 2022 and we anticipate the release of the next versions of these two time series in 2024.

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The Dalton Minimum and John Dalton’s Auroral Observations

Cited by 22 publications

References 60 publications

Stephan Prantner’s Sunspot Observations during the Dalton Minimum

Stephan Prantner’s Sunspot Observations during the Dalton Minimum

Analyses of Early Sunspot Records by Jean Tarde (1615 – 1617) and Jan Smogulecki (1621 – 1625)

Recalibration of the Sunspot-Number: Status Report

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