The daily and annual effects of dew, frost, and snow on a non-ventilated net radiometer

Malek, Esmaiel

doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.02.006

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Observations have undergone basic quality control, including checks for missing or repeated time steps and reasonable values, with flags indicating changes made. Pyranometers and wind sensors were unheated and thus subject to error when covered by snow or ice [ Malek , ]. Time‐lapse photographs (described below) are archived with the data set and provide a view of the Clearing Met and City Cabin stations that could be used to check for field issues.…”

Section: Data Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of distributed snow depth and snow duration within diverse forest structures in a maritime mountain watershed

Dickerson‐Lange

Lutz

Gersonde

et al. 2015

Water Resources Research

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Spatially distributed snow depth and snow duration data were collected over two to four snow seasons during water years 2011–2014 in experimental forest plots within the Cedar River Municipal Watershed, 50 km east of Seattle, Washington, USA. These 40 × 40 m forest plots, situated on the western slope of the Cascade Range, include unthinned second‐growth coniferous forests, variable density thinned forests, forest gaps in which a 20 m diameter (approximately equivalent to one tree height) gap was cut in the middle of each plot, and old‐growth forest. Together, this publicly available data set includes snow depth and density observations from manual snow surveys, distributed snow duration observations from ground temperature sensors and time‐lapse cameras, meteorological data collected at two open locations and three forested locations, and forest canopy data from airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and hemispherical photographs. These colocated snow, meteorological, and forest data have the potential to improve understanding of forest influences on snow processes, and provide a unique model‐testing data set for hydrological analyses in a forested, maritime watershed. We present empirical snow depletion curves within forests to illustrate an application of these data to improve subgrid representation of snow cover in distributed modeling.

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Section: Data Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of distributed snow depth and snow duration within diverse forest structures in a maritime mountain watershed

Dickerson‐Lange

Lutz

Gersonde

et al. 2015

Water Resources Research

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“…Conditions in cold regions create observational problems not encountered in other climates—observation sites are often located in rugged and remote locations that make regular maintenance difficult. Previous studies have noted that radiometers in cold environments can become obscured as snow accumulates on the uplooking sensor (Figure ) and can cause erroneously low Q si and high Q li values [ Marty et al ., ; Malek , ; Landry et al ., ]. In this note, we focus on the accumulation of snow on uplooking pyranometers and pyrgeometers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple algorithm for identifying periods of snow accumulation on a radiometer

Lapo

Hinkelman

Landry

et al. 2015

Water Resources Research

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Downwelling solar, Qsi, and longwave, Qli, irradiances at the earth's surface are the primary energy inputs for many hydrologic processes, and uncertainties in measurements of these two terms confound evaluations of estimated irradiances and negatively impact hydrologic modeling. Observations of Qsi and Qli in cold environments are subject to conditions that create additional uncertainties not encountered in other climates, specifically the accumulation of snow on uplooking radiometers. To address this issue, we present an automated method for estimating these periods of snow accumulation. Our method is based on forest interception of snow and uses common meteorological observations. In this algorithm, snow accumulation must exceed a threshold to obscure the sensor and is only removed through scouring by wind or melting. The algorithm is evaluated at two sites representing different mountain climates: (1) Snoqualmie Pass, Washington (maritime) and (2) the Senator Beck Basin Study Area, Colorado (continental). The algorithm agrees well with time‐lapse camera observations at the Washington site and with multiple measurements at the Colorado site, with 70–80% of observed snow accumulation events correctly identified. We suggest using the method for quality controlling irradiance observations in snow‐dominated climates where regular, daily maintenance is not possible.

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“…We performed further quality control for the 30 min and daily average observations by screening outliers and erroneous data following rules given by Serreze et al, (1999), Shafer et al, (2000), and Estévez et al, (2011). Humidity, pyranometers, and wind sensors were unheated and thus may be subject to error when covered by frost (Malek, 2008). The accumulation of frost on sensor was observed during multiple field visits at MZA and CED.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snow observations in Mount-Lebanon (2011–2016)

Fayad¹,

Gascoin²,

Faour³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. We present a unique meteorological and snow observational dataset in Mount-Lebanon, a mountainous region with a Mediterranean climate, where snowmelt is an essential water resource. The study region covers the recharge area of three karstic river basins (total area of 1092 km2 and an elevation up to 3088 m). The dataset consists of: (1) continuous meteorological and snow height observations; (2) snowpack field measurements; and (3) medium resolution satellite snow cover data. The continuous meteorological measurements at three automatic weather stations (MZA 2296 m, LAQ 1840 m, and CED 2834 m a.s.l.) include surface air temperature and humidity, precipitation, wind speed and direction, incoming and reflected shortwave irradiance, and snow height, at 30 minute intervals for the snow seasons (November–June) between 2011 and 2016 for MZA and 2014–2016 for CED and LAQ. Precipitation data was filtered and corrected for Geonor undercatch. Observations of snow height (HS), snow water equivalent, and snow density were collected at 30 snow courses located at elevations between 1300 and 2900 m a.s.l. during the two snow seasons 2014–2016 with an average revisit time of 11 days. Daily gap-free snow cover extent (SCA) and snow cover duration (SCD) maps derived from MODIS snow products are provided for the same period (2011–2016). We used the dataset to characterize mean snow height, snow water equivalent (SWE), and density for the first time in Mount-Lebanon. Snow seasonal variability was characterized with high HS and SWE variance and a relatively high snow density mean equal to 467 kg m−3. We find that the relationship between snow depth and snow density is specific to the Mediterranean climate. The current model explained 34 % of the variability in the entire dataset (all regions between 1300 and 2900 m a.s.l.) and 62 % for high mountain regions (elevation 2200–2900 m a.s.l.). The dataset is suitable for the investigation of snow dynamics and for the forcing and validation of energy balance models. Therefore, this data set bears the potential to greatly improve the quantification of snowmelt and mountain hydrometeorological processes in this data-scarce region of the Eastern Mediterranean. The doi for the data is: 10.5281/zenodo.291405.

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The daily and annual effects of dew, frost, and snow on a non-ventilated net radiometer

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Observations of distributed snow depth and snow duration within diverse forest structures in a maritime mountain watershed

Observations of distributed snow depth and snow duration within diverse forest structures in a maritime mountain watershed

A simple algorithm for identifying periods of snow accumulation on a radiometer

Snow observations in Mount-Lebanon (2011–2016)

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