The D-CIXS X-ray mapping spectrometer on SMART-1

Grandé, M.; Browning, R.; Waltham, Nicholas R.; Parker, David; Dunkin, S. K.; Kent, B. J.; Kellett, B. J.; Perry, C. H.; Swinyard, B. M.; Perry, Adam J.; Feraday, J.; Howe, C.; McBride, Geoff; Phillips, K. J. H.; Huovelin, J.; Muhli, P.; Hakala, Pasi; Vilhu, O.; Laukkanen, J.; Thomas, N.; Hughes, David W.; Alleyne, H.; Grady, M. M.; Lundin, R.; Barabash, S.; Baker, D. M. H.; Clark, P. E.; Murray, C. D.; Guest, J. E.; Casanova, I.; d’Uston, L.; Maurice, S.; Foing, B.; Heather, D.; Fernandes, V. A.; Muinonen, K.; Russell, S. S.; Christou, Apostolos; Owen, C. J.; Charles, P. A.; Koskinen, H.; Kato, Manabu; Sipila, K.; Nenonen, S.; Holmström, Mats; Bhandari, N.; Elphic, R. C.; Lawrence, D. J.

doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(03)00020-5

Cited by 58 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The detector plane of the instrument consists of twenty four e2v technologies CCD54 swept-charge devices (SCDs). Such devices were first flown in the Demonstration of a Compact Imaging X-ray Spectrometer (D-CIXS) instrument onboard SMART-1 [4,5]. The detector plane in each case provides a total X-ray collection area of 26.4 cm 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation study of swept-charge devices for the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) instrument

et al. 2008

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The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) will be launched as part of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Chandrayaan-1 payload in September 2008, arriving at the Moon within 7 days to begin a two year mission in lunar orbit conducting mineralogical surface mapping over the range of 1 -10 keV. The detector plane of the instrument consists of twenty four e2v technologies CCD54 swept-charge devices (SCDs). Such devices were first flown in the Demonstration of a Compact Imaging X-ray Spectrometer (D-CIXS) instrument onboard SMART-1 [4,5]. The detector plane in each case provides a total X-ray collection area of 26.4 cm 2 . The SCD is capable of providing near Fano-limited spectroscopy at -10 o C, and at -20 o C, near the Chandrayaan-1 mission average temperature, it achieves a total system noise of 6.2 electrons r.m.s. and a FWHM of 134 eV at Mn-Kα. This paper presents a brief overview of the C1XS mission and a detailed study of the effects of proton irradiation on SCD operational performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation study of swept-charge devices for the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) instrument

et al. 2008

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“…Since the days of the Apollo 15 and 16 missions, where the first XRFS data from another planetary body were obtained (Adler et al 1972), the spatial and spectral resolution, and the overall sensitivity available for remote-sensing X-ray instruments, have improved substantially. After the Apollo era, XRFSs have been included in several orbiting planetary spacecraft payloads, including NEAR Shoemaker (Goldsten et al 1997), SMART-1 (Grande et al 2003), Hayabusa (Okada et al 2006), and Kaguya (formerly Selene) . XRFSs will be included in the payloads of future missions such as Chandrayaan-1 (Joy et al 2008), MESSENGER (Schlemm et al 2007), and BepiColombo (Schulz and Benkhoff 2006).…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory studies into the effect of regolith on planetary X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Näränen

Parviainen²,

Muinonen³

et al. 2008

Icarus

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Laboratory studies into the effect of regolith on planetary X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Icarus, Elsevier, 2008, 198 (2) This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTLaboratory studies into the effect of regolith on planetary X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT AbstractIn the analysis of X-ray fluorescence spectra from planetary surfaces, it is traditionally assumed that the observed surface is a plane-parallel, smooth, and homogeneous medium. The spectral and spatial resolutions of the instruments that have been used to measure X-ray emission from planetary surfaces to date have been such that this has been a reasonable assumption, but a new generation of X-ray spectrometers will provide enhanced spectral and spatial resolutions when compared with previous instrumentation. In light of these improvements in performance, it is important to assess how the requirements on the methodology of analysis of spectra may change when the surface is considered as a regolith. At other wavelengths, varying physical properties of planetary regoliths, such as the packing density, are known to have an effect on the observed signal as a function of viewing geometry. In this paper, the results from laboratory X-ray fluorescence measurements of regolith analogue materials at different viewing geometries are presented. Characteristic properties of the regolith such as particle sizes and packing density are found to affect the measured elemental line ratios. A semiempirical function is introduced as a tool for fitting fluorescent line intensity dependences as a function of viewing geometry. The importance of the results is discussed and recommendations are made for the future analysis of planetary X-ray fluorescence data.

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“…The devices used in the presented study were housed in ceramic modules, each containing four SCDs, a concept developed for the D-CIXS instrument onboard SMART-1 [1]. An example SCD module is shown in Figure 3 which also shows the device numbering scheme within a module.…”

Section: The Swept-charge Devicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Agency's SMART-1 lunar mission that was launched in 2003 [1,2]. The C1XS instrument is an X-ray florescence spectrometer, consisting of six modules of four SCDs [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proton irradiation of swept-charge devices for the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS)

Smith

Gow

Holland

2007

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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This paper presents work carried out in support of swept-charge device (SCD) characterisation for the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) instrument. A brief overview of the C1XS instrument is presented, followed by a description of SCD structure and operation. The SCD test facility and method of device characterisation using two different drive sequencers to assess leakage current and spectroscopy performance (FWHM and noise at Mn-Kα) are then described. The expected end-of-life (EOL) 10 MeV equivalent proton fluence for the SCDs of C1XS was modelled using Monte Carlo simulation software and used in a subsequent proton irradiation study involving eight SCDs. The irradiation study was carried out at the Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI) in the Netherlands and characterised the impact of 50 % and 100 % of the expected Chandrayaan-1 EOL proton fluence on the SCD operational characteristics.The radiation environment modelling, irradiation methodology and post-irradiation characterisation of the devices are presented in this paper and recommendations about the planned C1XS operational temperature and shielding are given. 07.89; 85.60.Gz; 95.85.Nv Key Words: Chandrayaan-1; C1XS; CCD; swept-charge device; radiation damage; X-ray spectroscopy PACS: IntroductionThe Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) instrument to be flown on Chandrayaan-1 is the direct descendent of the Demonstration of a Compact Imaging X-ray Spectrometer (D-CIXS) instrument flown onboard the European SpaceAgency's SMART-1 lunar mission that was launched in 2003 [1,2]. The C1XS instrument is an X-ray florescence spectrometer, consisting of six modules of four SCDs [3]. The D-CIXS instrument, with its similar arrangement of six † Corresponding author, David Ryan Smith, e2v centre for electronic imaging, School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK; phone +44 (0) 1895 266593, fax +44 (0) 1895 269773, email david.smith@brunel.ac.uk.2 detector modules is pictured in Figure 1. The Chandrayaan-1 mission is scheduled for launch in early 2008 with a planned mission duration of two years in a 100 km circular orbit around the Moon.To ensure the C1XS instrument will remain operable for the entire mission lifetime, it is important to understand the space radiation environment that Chandrayaan-1 will be exposed to. For silicon devices operating in space, the main radiation damage components of concern are trapped protons in the Earth's radiation belts and solar protons, which can cause displacement damage in the silicon of the SCDs resulting in bright pixels [4][5][6] and ionisation damage causing an increase in device leakage current [7]. To obtain estimates of the expected total end-of-life (EOL) proton fluence, modelling of the spacecraft trajectory and the resulting proton fluence was carried out using the European Space Agency (ESA) Space Environment Information System (SPENVIS) software suite [8]. The structure and operation of the SCD devices are described in the next two sections of this pape...

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The D-CIXS X-ray mapping spectrometer on SMART-1

Cited by 58 publications

References 8 publications

Radiation study of swept-charge devices for the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) instrument

Radiation study of swept-charge devices for the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) instrument

Laboratory studies into the effect of regolith on planetary X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Proton irradiation of swept-charge devices for the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS)

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