The Cytoskeleton of Pollen Tubes and How It Determines the Physico-mechanical Properties of Cell Wall

Abstract

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A Novel Putative Microtubule-Associated Protein Is Involved in Arbuscule Development during Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Formation

“…Thus, at the earlier stages of AM development, tsb expression levels in the different composite plants used (control, tsb OE and tsb RNAi plants) positively correlated with the degree of arbuscule formation and with the expression of genes encoding for specialized periarbuscular transporters and proteins reported to provide a specific exocytosis capacity necessary for membrane proliferation. Taking into account previous evidence on the role of MTs in membrane and cell wall formation in polarized cells ( Sieberer et al 2005 , Muller and Jurgens 2016 , Cai et al 2017 ), we speculate that a TSB is an MAP that could be responsible for developing a suitable MT arrangement in arbuscule-containing cells for vesicle transport, as well as for the proper delivery, embedding and positioning of specific compounds in the periarbuscular membrane and interface compartment that facilitates correct arbuscule development and functionality.…”

“…Similarly, as cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in pollen tube development ( Cai et al 2017 ), cytoskeletal reorganization of plant root cells must play a similar role in the mycorrhization process. In this study, we attempt to gain an understanding of the pivotal role played by MT cytoskeletal remodelling during arbuscular mycorrhization through a functional analysis of tsb , a mycorrhizal-regulated Solanum lycopersicum gene encoding a novel putative MAP.…”

Laticifer growth pattern is guided by cytoskeleton organization

“…The second one is considered an extreme form of cell growth that is concentrated at the apex of the cell, which gives it the ability to grow extensively in a polarized way ( Anderhag et al, 2000 ; Wasteneys and Galway, 2003 ). Apical growth has been associated with the search for nutrients, as observed in root hairs ( Hepler et al, 2001 ; Sieberer et al, 2005 ) and also in pollen tubes searching for the ovule ( Cai et al, 2017 ). Both root hairs and pollen tubes are models of apical growth for which important processes involving the cytoskeleton are well-characterized ( Gu and Nielsen, 2013 ).…”

Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen

“…In tip-growing cells, the cytoskeletal framework is composed of actin filaments and microtubules, both of which are oriented longitudinally in the tube shank and thus ensure resistance of the cell boundaries against the isobaric turgor pressure, as well as external forces. Towards the tip region, actin filaments and microtubules become increasingly scattered, which is thought to be one factor ensuring turgor-driven unidirectional growth [19,47,48]. Besides its function as a strutting system, the cytoskeleton builds a scaffold along which cargoes can be transported; actin mediates vesicular transport of proteins and cell wall materials to the tube apex to establish and maintain cell polarity [47][48][49].…”

“…Towards the tip region, actin filaments and microtubules become increasingly scattered, which is thought to be one factor ensuring turgor-driven unidirectional growth [19,47,48]. Besides its function as a strutting system, the cytoskeleton builds a scaffold along which cargoes can be transported; actin mediates vesicular transport of proteins and cell wall materials to the tube apex to establish and maintain cell polarity [47][48][49]. In the plant cell secretory proteins are transported by selective membrane budding at the endoplasmic reticulum, targeting the Golgi complex, the major hub for protein sorting, where secretory proteins are forwarded to the tip via secretory granules (vesicles) [50].…”